Latest documents http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/index/index/ Fri, 12 Feb 2010 09:27:47 +0100 Fri, 12 Feb 2010 09:27:47 +0100 http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/20406 We study various fluctuation and correlation signals of the deconfined state using a dynamical recombination approach (quark Molecular Dynamics, qMD). We analyse charge ratio fluctuations, charge transfer fluctuations and baryon-strangeness correlations as a function of the center of mass energy with a set of central Pb+Pb/Au+Au events from AGS energies on (Elab = 4 AGeV) up to the highest RHIC energy available (V sNN = 200 GeV) and as a function of time with a set of central Au+Au qMD events at V sNN = 200 GeV with and without applying our hadronization procedure. For all studied quantities, the results start from values compatible with a weakly coupled QGP in the early stage and end with values compatible with the hadronic result in the final state. We show that the loss of the signal occurs at the same time as hadronization and trace it back to the dynamical recombination process implemented in our model. Stéphane Haussler; Marcus Bleicher; Stefan Scherer article http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/20406 Thu, 02 Dec 2010 09:27:47 +0100 http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/2736 This thesis presents a model for the dynamical description of deconfined quark matter created in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions, treating quarks and antiquarks as classical point particles subject to a colour-dependent, Cornell-type potential interaction. The model provides a dynamical handle for hadronization via the recombination of quarks and antiquarks in colour neutral clusters. Gluons are not included explicitly in the model,but are described in an effective manner by the means of the potential interaction. The model includes four different quark flavours (up, down, strange and charm) and uses current masses for the quarks. The dynamical evolution of a system of colour charges subject to the Hamiltonian equations of motion of the model yields the formation of colour neutral clusters of quarks and antiquarks, which are subject only to a small remaining interaction, the strong interquark potential notwithstanding. These clusters can be mapped onto hadrons and hadronic resonances. Thus, the model allows a dynamical description of quarks degrees of freedom in heavy ion collisions, including a recombination scheme for hadronization. The thermal properties of the model turn pout to be very satisfying. The model shows a transition from a confining phase to a deconfined phase with rising temperature, going hand in hand with a softest point in the equation of state and a rise of energy density and pressure to the Stefan-Boltzmann limit of a gas of quarks and antiquarks. Moreover, the potential interaction is screened in the deconfined phase. For the dynamical description of ultra-relativistic heavy ion collision, the qMD model is coupled to UrQMD as a generator for its initial conditions. In this way, a fully dynamical description of the expansion and hadronization of the fireball created in such collisions can be achieved. Non-equilibrium aspects of the expansion dynamics and hadronization by recombination of quarks and antiquarks are discussed in detail, and a comparison with experimental data of collisions at the CERN-SPS is presented. The big advantage of the qMD model is the possibility to study cluster formation, including exotic clusters, and fluctuations in a dynamical manner. As an example, event-by-event fluctuations in electric charge are studied. Such fluctuations have been proposed as a clear criterion to distinguish a deconfined system from a hadrons gas. However, experimental data show hadron gas fluctuation measures even at RHIC, where deconfinement is taken for granted. We will see how the dynamics of quark recombination washes out the quark-gluon plasma signal in the fluctuation criterion. Moreover, we will discuss briefly the problem of entropy at recombination. In a second application, the formation of exotic hadronic clusters, larger than usual mesons and baryons, is studied. Such clusters could provide new measures for the thermalization and homogenization of a deconfined gas of colour charges. Moreover, number estimates for exotic clusters from recombination are considerably lower than corresponding predictions from thermal models, providing a clear difference between statistical hadronization and hadronization via quark recombination. A detailed analysis is provided for pentaquark candidates such as the Theta-Plus. It turns out that the distribution of exotic states over strangeness, isospin, and spin could provide a sensitive measure for thermalization and decorrelation in the deconfined quark phase, if it could be measured. Stefan Scherer doctoralthesis http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/2736 Mon, 15 May 2006 10:15:17 +0200 http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3110 Noneequilibrium models (three-fluid hydrodynamics and UrQMD) use to discuss the uniqueness of often proposed experimental signatures for quark matter formation in relativistic heavy ion collisions. It is demonstrated that these two models - although they do treat the most interesting early phase of the collisions quite differently(thermalizing QGP vs. coherent color fields with virtual particles) - both yields a reasonable agreement with a large variety of the available heavy ion data. Stefan Scherer; Steffen A. Bass; Marcus Bleicher; Mohamed Belkacem; Larissa V. Bravina; Jörg Brachmann; Adrian Dumitru; Christoph Ernst; Lars Gerland; Markus Hofmann; Ludwig Neise; Manuel Reiter; Sven Soff; Christian Spieles; Henning Weber; Eugene E. Zabrodin; Detlef Zschiesche; Joachim A. Maruhn; Horst Stöcker; Walter Greiner article http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3110 Wed, 07 Dec 2005 10:33:38 +0100 http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3132 We investigate the hadronic cooling of a quark droplet within a microscopic model. The color flux tube approach is used to describe the hadronization of the quark phase. The model reproduces experimental particle ratios equally well compared to a static thermal hadronic source. Furthermore, the dynamics of the decomposition of a quark-gluon plasma is investigated and time dependent particle ratios are found. Markus Hofmann; Judah M. Eisenberg; Stefan Scherer; Marcus Bleicher; Ludwig Neise; Horst Stöcker; Walter Greiner preprint http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3132 Thu, 01 Dec 2005 10:24:26 +0100 http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3155 A microscopic model of deconfined matter based on color interactions between semi-classical quarks is studied. A hadronization mechanism is imposed to examine the properties and the disassembly of a thermalized quark plasma and to investigate the possible existence of a phase transition from quark matter to hadron matter. M. Hofmann; Marcus Bleicher; Stefan Scherer; Ludwig Neise; Horst Stöcker; Walter Greiner preprint http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3155 Thu, 24 Nov 2005 10:58:21 +0100 http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3255 The quark-molecular-dynamics model is used to study microscopically the dynamics of the coloured quark phase and the subsequent hadron formation in relativistic S+Au collisions at the CERN-SPS. Particle spectra and hadron ratios are compared to both data and the results of hadronic transport calculations. The non-equilibrium dynamics of hadronization and the loss of correlation among quarks are studied. Stefan Scherer; Markus Hofmann; Marcus Bleicher; Ludwig Neise; Horst Stöcker; Walter Greiner preprint http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3255 Fri, 18 Nov 2005 12:50:11 +0100 http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3297 Abstract Geant4 is a toolkit for simulating the passage of particles through matter. It includes a complete range of functionality including tracking, geometry, physics models and hits. The physics processes offered cover a comprehensive range, including electromagnetic, hadronic and optical processes, a large set of long-lived particles, materials and elements, over a wide energy range starting, in some cases, from 250 eV and extending in others to the TeV energy range. It has been designed and constructed to expose the physics models utilised, to handle complex geometries, and to enable its easy adaptation for optimal use in different sets of applications. The toolkit is the result of a worldwide collaboration of physicists and software engineers. It has been created exploiting software engineering and object-oriented technology and implemented in the C++ programming language. It has been used in applications in particle physics, nuclear physics, accelerator design, space engineering and medical physics. PACS: 07.05.Tp; 13; 23 S. Agostinelli; Dennis Dean Dietrich; Walter Greiner; Kerstin Anja Paech; Stefan Scherer; Horst Stöcker; Henning Weber; Detlef Zschiesche; et al.; Geant4 Collaboration article http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3297 Wed, 16 Nov 2005 09:44:27 +0100 http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3379 Nuclear collisions at intermediate, relativistic, and ultra-relativistic energies offer unique opportunities to study in detail manifold fragmentation and clustering phenomena in dense nuclear matter. At intermediate energies, the well known processes of nuclear multifragmentation -- the disintegration of bulk nuclear matter in clusters of a wide range of sizes and masses -- allow the study of the critical point of the equation of state of nuclear matter. At very high energies, ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions offer a glimpse at the substructure of hadronic matter by crossing the phase boundary to the quark-gluon plasma. The hadronization of the quark-gluon plasma created in the fireball of a ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collision can be considered, again, as a clustering process. We will present two models which allow the simulation of nuclear multifragmentation and the hadronization via the formation of clusters in an interacting gas of quarks, and will discuss the importance of clustering to our understanding of hadronization in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Stefan Scherer; Horst Stöcker preprint http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3379 Tue, 01 Nov 2005 14:28:09 +0100 http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3367 Nonequilibrium models (three-fluid hydrodynamics, UrQMD, and quark molecular dynamics) are used to discuss the uniqueness of often proposed experimental signatures for quark matter formation in relativistic heavy ion collisions from the SPS via RHIC to LHC. It is demonstrated that these models - although they do treat the most interesting early phase of the collisions quite differently (thermalizing QGP vs. coherent color fields with virtual particles) -- all yield a reasonable agreement with a large variety of the available heavy ion data. Hadron/hyperon yields, including J/Psi meson production/suppression, strange matter formation, dileptons, and directed flow (bounce-off and squeeze-out) are investigated. Observations of interesting phenomena in dense matter are reported. However, we emphasize the need for systematic future measurements to search for simultaneous irregularities in the excitation functions of several observables in order to come close to pinning the properties of hot, dense QCD matter from data. The role of future experiments with the STAR and ALICE detectors is pointed out. Stefan Scherer; Steffen A. Bass; Mohamed Belkacem; Marcus Bleicher; Jörg Brachmann; Adrian Dumitru; Christoph Ernst; Lars Gerland; Nils Hammon; Markus Hofmann; Jens Konopka; Ludwig Neise; Manuel Reiter; Stefan Schramm; Sven Soff; Christian Spieles; Henning Weber; Detlef Zschiesche; Joachim A. Maruhn; Horst Stöcker; Walter Greiner preprint http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3367 Tue, 01 Nov 2005 09:26:33 +0100 http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3415 String theory suggests the existence of a minimum length scale. An exciting quantum mechanical implication of this feature is a modification of the uncertainty principle. In contrast to the conventional approach, this generalised uncertainty principle does not allow to resolve space time distances below the Planck length. In models with extra dimensions, which are also motivated by string theory, the Planck scale can be lowered to values accessible by ultra high energetic cosmic rays (UHECRs) and by future colliders, i.e. M f approximately equal to 1 TeV. It is demonstrated that in this novel scenario, short distance physics below 1/M f is completely cloaked by the uncertainty principle. Therefore, Planckian effects could be the final physics discovery at future colliders and in UHECRs. As an application, we predict the modifications to the e+ e- to f+ f- cross-sections. Sabine Hossenfelder; Marcus Bleicher; Stefan Hofmann; Jörg Ruppert; Stefan Scherer; Horst Stöcker preprint http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3415 Thu, 27 Oct 2005 16:18:06 +0200 http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/4784 Compelling evidence for the creation of a new form of matter has been claimed to be found in Pb+Pb collisions at SPS. We discuss the uniqueness of often proposed experimental signatures for quark matter formation in relativistic heavy ion collisions. It is demonstrated that so far none of the proposed signals like J/psi meson production/suppression, strangeness enhancement, dileptons, and directed flow unambigiously show that a phase of deconfined matter has been formed in SPS Pb+Pb collisions. We emphasize the need for systematic future measurements to search for simultaneous irregularities in the excitation functions of several observables in order to come close to pinning the properties of hot, dense QCD matter from data. Detlef Zschiesche; Steffen A. Bass; Marcus Bleicher; Jörg Brachmann; Lars Gerland; Kerstin Paech; Stefan Scherer; Sven Soff; Christian Spieles; Henning Weber; Horst Stöcker; Walter Greiner preprint http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/4784 Thu, 14 Apr 2005 16:28:30 +0200