OPUS 4 Latest Documents RSS Feed

Türk Kadının Konumunun Dile Yansımasına Genel Bir Bakış

Seyyare Duman — Tue, 14 May 2013 13:21:44 +0200

O discurso indireto no alemão : um estudo quantitativo do uso dos modos

Andressa Costa — Tue, 23 Apr 2013 13:57:06 +0200

Este artigo apresenta um estudo quantitativo do uso dos modos Konjunktiv e Indikativ no discurso indireto no alemão. Através da análise de um corpus de 400 textos online do gênero notícia de jornal, descrevem-se fatores que influenciam a escolha do modo do discurso indireto. Para a realização deste estudo partiu-se das seguintes hipóteses: a escolha do modo do discurso indireto pode ser influenciada pelo tipo de verbo do discurso citante (sagen/dizer, erklären/explicar), pela posição deste (antes ou depois do discurso citado), pelo tempo verbal do verbo finito do discurso citante, tipo de verbo do discurso citado (regular, irregular, auxiliar), se a oração subordinada é introduzida ou não por conjunção, grau de inserção da oração subordinada e distância entre discurso citante e discurso citado.

Aspectos de pragmaticalização de marcadores discursivos no alemão e no português

José da Silva Simões — Tue, 16 Apr 2013 12:32:17 +0200

Neste artigo, discute-se o papel discursivo, semântico e sintático dos marcadores discursivos de origem conjuncional do alemão e do português (wobei, weil e obwohl; porque e que) e enumeram-se algumas evidências a respeito do processo de gramaticalização/ pragmaticalização desses marcadores em ambas as línguas. O estudo faz parte de um projeto de análise contrastiva dos processos de gramaticalização das sentenças complexas do alemão e do português e toma como base uma perspectiva teórica cognitivo-discursiva.

Grammatikalisierungen in verschiedenen Diskurstraditionen

Beate Henn-Memmesheimer — Wed, 10 Apr 2013 13:16:32 +0200

Zur Herausbildung der Kategorie "Modalverb" in der Grammatikographie des Deutschen (und des Portugiesischen)

Thomas Johnen — Tue, 12 Mar 2013 13:30:04 +0100

Die Äquivalenzfrage in Hinblick auf quantitative und qualitative Gesichtspunkte am Beispiel der kontrastiven spanisch-deutschen Valenzlexikographie: Fragestellungen und Vorschläge

María José Domínguez Vázquez — Tue, 15 Jan 2013 16:27:59 +0100

Introductory notes to a grammar of Cahuilla : [to appear in Linguistic Studies offered to Joseph Greenberg on the occasion of his 60th birthday]

Hansjakob Seiler — Tue, 07 Aug 2012 13:54:50 +0200

These notes grew out of my preoccupation with writing a grammar of a particular language, Cahuilla, which is spoken in Southern California and belongs to the Uto-Aztecan family. [...] The Introduction to the Grammar as a whole – of which two sections are reproduced here in a modified version – tries to integrate the synoptic views of the different chapters into a series of comprehensive statements. The statements cluster around two topics: 1. A presentation of Cahuilla as a type of language. 2. Remarks on writing a grammar.

Recent activity in the theory of aspect : accomplishments, achievements, or just non-progressive state?

Hans-Jürgen Sasse — Wed, 25 Apr 2012 12:31:47 +0200

It has become commonplace to introduce works on aspect with the remark that there is hardly another field in linguistics so much plagued by terminological and notional confusion. [..] About 20 major books claiming a comprehensive treatment have come to my attention during little more than the past half decade […]. Among these books are five that form the subject of this paper in a narrower sense, given that the present article originally started out as a combined review of these five works: […] Even if one is not at all keen on monocultures, it is clear that the obvious disunity in fundamental points of view makes the situation increasingly difficult for the "ordinary working linguist". It is getting impossible to keep up with the many different issues raised in the theoretical literature when, for instance, writing a chapter on aspect for a descriptive grammar of a language. As a result, a tremendous gap between descriptive and theoretical work has arisen. This has not gone unnoticed in the literature. There are several recent publications in which explicit attempts are made to bridge this gap […], all of them trying to add a typological perspective to aspect theory and to free it from its purely truth-conditional embedding, which was the dominant paradigm in the 70ies and 80ies. But again, these works are often themselves cast into specific theoretical frameworks, more often than not ignoring other approaches to the field if they do not fit their persuasions. I will therefore avail myself of the opportunity of this review article by briefly sorting out the differences in the fundamental assumptions and theoretical primitives of the various approaches, in order to come to grips with the aspectological landscape. A general, chiefly historically oriented assessment is presented in the first part of this paper (see section 1). The second part is then devoted to a detailed discussion of the books under review against the background etablished in this survey (see section 2). At the end, I will try to draw some conclusions and hint at some directions for future work with aspect in a descriptive and/or typological context (see section 3).

Die grammatischen Rollen des Objekts im Swahili

Andreas Joswig — Wed, 18 Apr 2012 11:55:21 +0200

Hier soll […] ein Versuch unternommen werden, sich sekundären grammatischen Relationen mit Rückgriff auf Sprachdaten aus nur einer Sprache, dem Standard-Swahili, anzunähern. Es soll untersucht werden, welche Beziehungen zwischen dem Objekt im Swahili und seinen jeweiligen semantischen Rollen bestehen. Eine solche Fragestellung lohnt sich in dieser Sprache auf Grund der Tatsache, daß hier bei dreiwertigen Verben nicht der Patiens das Objekt sein kann, sondern allein der Rezipien. Dieser Tatbestand erfordert ein gründliches Nachdenken über Begriffe wie direktes und indirektes Objekt sowie über Konzepte und Kategorien der Verbalsemantik. Hierzu werden in dieser Untersuchung Modelle berücksichtigt, die in jüngerer Zeit durch Dik (1989) und Palmer (1994) zur Diskussion gestellt wurden. Sie ermöglichen eine saubere Trennung der verschiedenen Beschreibungsebenen wie Lexikon, Pragmatik und Syntax, ohne diese als autonome Gebilde zu betrachten. Ein solcher Ansatz führt zu einer zunächst verwirrenden und umfangreichen Terminologie, die im ersten Abschnitt ausfuhrlieh vorgestellt wird. Ebenfalls im ersten Abschnitt wird die empirische Grundlage der Untersuchung offengelegt und einer Kritik unterzogen. Im zweiten Abschnitt wird ein kurzer Abriß über das Swahili, seine Sprachsituation sowie über wesentliche Merkmale der Phonologie, Morphologie und Syntax gegeben. Diese Informationen sollen u.a. dazu beitragen, die im weiteren Verlauf gegebenen Sprachbeispiele zu verstehen und die Glossierungen zu entlasten. Der dritte Abschnitt geht der Frage nach, ob es im Rahmen der in l.l aufgezeigten Begrifflichkeit überhaupt sinnvoll ist, im Swahili nach Objekten zu suchen. Es werden sprachspezifische Kriterien aufgezeigt und einer Gewichtung unterzogen, anhand derer sich Objekte in Sprachdaten identifizieren lassen. Im darauffolgenden Abschnitt werden die in den Daten aus Literatur und Korpus identifizierten Objekte analysiert. Es wird eine Aufstellung gegeben, welche semantischen Rollen die Funktion des Objekts einnehmen können. Zudem wird eine Reihe von Fällen aufgezeigt, in denen es schwierig ist, die semantische Rolle des Objekts eindeutig zu bestimmen. Die vorgefundenen Ergebnisse werden mit universalistischen Aussagen verschiedener linguistischer Theorien und Modelle konfrontiert und auf diese Weise problematisiert. Im fünften Abschnitt werden einige Möglichkeiten vorgestellt, wie sich die im Swahili vorgefundenen Phänomene in verschiedene linguistische Modelle integrieren lassen. Es wird sich zeigen, daß eine solche Integration entweder um den Preis einer fragwürdigen Methodologie erkauft werden muß oder aber substantielle Änderungen in der linguistischen Theorie erfordert. Auf der Grundlage einer solchen Umstrukturierung, die sich auf die Ebene des verbalen Lexikons mit seinen semantischen Rollen erstreckt, wird dann im sechsten Abschnitt ein alternativer Vorschlag zum Verständnis der Phänomene unterbreitet. Dieser ermöglicht es, die Objektzuweisung sowie eine Reihe damit scheinbar nur wenig verwandter Problemfälle der verbalen Semantik (6.2.5 und 6.2.6) als konsistente Ausprägungen des sprachlichen Systems des Swahili zu betrachten. Die Untersuchung schließt mit einem Ausblick auf Möglichkeiten zur Erweiterung des Umfangs relationaler Typologie auf das Verhältnis von sekundären zu tertiären grammatischen Relationen. Zudem werden weitere Sprachen genannt, die sich hinsichtlich dieser Relationen ähnlich verhalten wie das Swahili.

Pfade der Grammatikalisierung : ein systematischer Überblick

Isabel Compes; Silvia Kutscher; Carmen Rudorf — Wed, 22 Feb 2012 17:30:41 +0100

In der Forschung zu Grammatikalisierungsphänomenen wurden die Untersuchungsergebnisse häufig in Form grafischer Schemata dargestellt. Die einschlägige Forschungsliteratur spricht daher von 'grammaticalization paths', 'chains' und 'channels'. Wir möchten in dieser Arbeit erstens einen Überblick darüber bieten, welche Grammatikalisierungspfade – und zu welchen traditionellen grammatischen Domänen – bisher vorgeschlagen wurden. Zweitens möchten wir mittels der Zusammmenstellung der Pfade in einem Gesamtbild veranschaulichen, wie ein Grammatik-Modell aussehen könnte, dem die Grammatikalisierungstheorie zugrunde liegt. Ein solcher Überblick ist aus mehreren Gründen problematisch: Zum einen liegen für einige Grammatikalisierungsentwicklungen verschiedene Vorschläge vor, von denen wir jeweils die auswählten, für die ausreichend Belegmaterial angeführt wurde. Ein anderes Problem stellt die Heterogenität der grafischen Schemata dar, für die wir versucht haben, ein einheitliches Format zu erarbeiten, um sie in unser Gesamtmodell zu integrieren. In gleicher Weise wurden die Vorschläge einbezogen, die nicht in grafischer Gestalt vorlagen. Ein grundlegendes Kriterium für die Auswahl aus der vielfältigen Literatur war, daß die Bewegung eines sprachlichen Elements entlang seines historisch belegten Pfades betrachtet wurde. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird die Gesamtgrafik in Bezug auf die von Himmelmann 1992 skizzierte Grammatikalisierungtheorie in einzelnen Aspekten erläutert. Der zweite Teil dient der Einordnung der historisch belegten Entwicklungen in das Gesamtschema, wobei zwei Pfade gesondert behandelt werden. Zum Abschluß möchten wir kurz auf die Möglichkeiten und die Mängel des Modells eingehen.

Grammaticalization and Grammar

Nikolaus P. Himmelmann — Wed, 22 Feb 2012 16:43:54 +0100

Transitivity Alternations of the Anticausative Type

Martin Haspelmath — Tue, 21 Feb 2012 18:39:30 +0100

This paper is concerned with anticausative verbs (or verb-forms), or shortly, anticausatives. [...] [C]ausative/non-causative pairs with a marked non-causative are quite frequent in the languages of the world. However, so far they have not received sufficient attention in general and typological linguistics, a fact which is also manifested in the absence of a generally recognized term for this phenomenon […]. This paper therefore deals with the most important properties of anticausatives (particularly semantic conditions on them), their relationship to other areas of grammar as well as their historical development in different languages. The grammatical domain of transitivity, valence and voice, where the anticausative belongs, takes up a central position in grammar and consequently the present discussion should be of considerable interest to general comparative (or typological) linguists.

Inhalt und Aufbau deskriptiver Grammatiken : (How to write a grammar)

Ulrike Mosel — Tue, 21 Feb 2012 18:28:30 +0100

Das vorliegende Arbeitspapier ist das Skript einer Vorlesung, die ich während des Wintersemesters 1986/87 am Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität zu Köln gehalten habe. […] Das Arbeitspapier gliedert sich in zwei Teile. Im ersten Teil, Kapitel 1 - 4, werden die bei der Untersuchung und Beschreibung einer Sprache auftretenden soziolinguistischen Probleme besprochen, während im zweiten Teil, Kapitel 5 - 11, behandelt wird, wie eine Grammatik geschrieben werden sollte. Es geht dabei also nicht um die grammatische Analyse sprachlicher Daten, sondern um die Darstellung einer Sprache, d.h. um die schriftstellerische Aufgabe des Linguisten, des Grammatikers im eigentlichen Sinn.

Verbal Noun or Verbal Adjective? The Case of the Latin Gerundive and Gerund

Martin Haspelmath — Tue, 21 Feb 2012 18:10:57 +0100

It is the aim of this paper to present and elaborate a new solution to the old syntactic problems connected with the Latin gerundive and gerund, two verbal categories which have been interpreted variously either as adjective (or participle) or noun (or infinitive). These questions have been much discussed for quite a number of years […] but for the most part from a philological or purely diachronic point of view. All these linguists try to explain the peculiarities of these categories and their syntax by showing that the gerund is historically prior to the gerundive. [...] It is our thesis […] that in order to arrive at a unified account of gerundive and gerund we do not have to go back to prehistoric times. Even for the classical language gerund and gerundive represent the same category, in the sense that the gerund can be shown to be a special case of the gerundive. Additional evidence from a parallel construction in Hindi is adduced to make the Latin facts more plausible. It is only in the post-classical language that certain tendencies which had shown up already in Old Latin poetry become stronger and finally lead to a reanalysis of the gerundive and a split into two distinct syntactic constructions. The propositional meaning of the gerundive in its attributive use is explained with reference to a conflict between syntactic and cognitive principles. Special constructions which are the effects of such conflicts can be found in other parts of grammar. Languages differ with respect to the degree of syntacticization (or conventionalization) of these special constructions.

Književnojezična norma franjevačkih pisaca 18. St. – Sastavnica jezičnostandardizacijskih procesa

Darija Gabrić-Bagarić — Tue, 15 Nov 2011 11:57:21 +0000

Važnom sastavnicom hrvatskoga predstandardnoga jezika smatra se koine franjevačke književnosti 18. st. Izrasla iz pisane prakse bosanskih franjevaca 17. st., obogaćena u jeziku hrvatskih franjevaca izraznim sredstvima pučkeknjiževnosti, već je u 18. st. pokazivala obilježja standardiziranosti: polifunkcinonalnost, preskriptivnost i neovisnost o organskim idiomima. Koine je opisana u franjevačkim gramatikama, što je naznaka normativnih tendencija.

Grammatical relations, agreement, and genetic stability

Balthasar Bickel — Tue, 10 Aug 2010 14:27:24 +0200

Languages vary in whether or not primary grammatical relations (PGRs) are sensitive to information from clause-level case or phrase structures. This variation correlates with a difference between verb agreement systems based on feature unification and systems based on feature composition. The choice between different PGR and agreement principles is found to be highly stable genetically and to characterize Indo-European as systematically different from Sino-Tibetan. Although the choice is partially similar to the Configurationality Parameter, it is shown that Indo-European languages of South Asia are nonconfigurational due to areal pressure but follow their European relatives in PGR and agreement principles.

Principles of event framing : genetic stability in grammar and discourse

Balthasar Bickel — Tue, 10 Aug 2010 14:23:10 +0200

Ever since Wilhelm von Humboldt’s (1836) pioneering study of Nahuatl, linguists have recurrently recognized that languages differ fundamentally in the syntactic weight they attribute to noun-phrases as the arguments of a verb. Currently, the most prominent attempts to turn this intuition into a precise hypothesis revolve around the notion of ‘configurationality’.

On the scope of the referential hierarchy in the typology of grammatical relations

Balthasar Bickel — Tue, 10 Aug 2010 12:01:55 +0200

In the late seventies, Bernard Comrie was one of the first linguists to explore the effects of the referential hierarchy (RH) on the distribution of grammatical relations (GRs). The referential hierarchy is also known in the literature as the animacy, empathy or indexibability hierarchy and ranks speech act participants (i.e. first and second person) above third persons, animates above inanimates, or more topical referents above less topical referents. Depending on the language, the hierarchy is sometimes extended by analogy to rankings of possessors above possessees, singulars above plurals, or other notions. In his 1981 textbook, Comrie analyzed RH effects as explaining (a) differential case (or adposition) marking of transitive subject ("A") noun phrases in low RH positions (e.g. inanimate or third person) and of object ("P") noun phrases in high RH positions (e.g. animate or first or second person), and (b) hierarchical verb agreement coupled with a direct vs. inverse distinction, as in Algonquian (Comrie 1981: Chapter 6).

Grammatical relations typology

Balthasar Bickel — Tue, 10 Aug 2010 08:25:40 +0200

Traditionally, the term "grammatical relation" (GR) refers to the morphosyntactic properties that relate an argument to a clause, as, for example, its subject or its object. Alternative terms are "syntactic function" or "syntactic role", and they highlight the fact that GRs are defined by the way in which arguments are integrated syntactically into a clause, i.e. by functioning as subject, object etc. Whatever terminology one prefers, what is crucial about the traditional notion of GRs is (a) that they are identified by syntactic properties, and (b) that they relate an argument to the clause.

From ergativus absolutus to topic marking in Kiranti : a typological perspective

Balthasar Bickel — Tue, 10 Aug 2010 00:00:00 +0200

In many languages, clauses can be subordinated by means of case markers. For Bodic languages, a branch of Sino-Tibetan, Genetti (1986) has shown that the meaning of case markers on clauses is in most instances a natural extension of their function on nouns. A dative, for example, which marks a referential goal with a noun, signals a situational goal, i.e., a purpose, when used on a clause. Among the case markers recruited for subordination, we not only get relatively concrete cases like datives, comitatives and various types of locatives, but also core argument relators such as ergatives and accusatives. In this paper, I focus on ergative markers in one subgroup of Bodic, viz. in Kiranti languages spoken in Eastern Nepal, especially in Belhare.

The possessive of experience in Belhare

Balthasar Bickel — Tue, 10 Aug 2010 00:00:00 +0200

The how and why of syntactic relations

Randy J. LaPolla — Mon, 19 Jul 2010 13:31:56 +0200

Human communication takes place when one person does something that when seen or heard by another person is taken to be done with the intention to communicate, and the other person, having seen the communicator show his or her intention to communicate, then uses inference to determine what the communicator intends to communicate. This is possible because the addressee assumes that the communicator is a rational person, that is, acts with goals in mind (see Grice 1975), and so must be doing the act for a reason, and it is worth the addressee’s effort to try to determine what that reason is, that is, determine the relevance of the act.

Parallel grammaticalizations in Tibeto-Burman : evidence of Sapir's 'Drift'

Randy J. LaPolla — Mon, 19 Jul 2010 12:07:31 +0200

In chapters seven and eight of his book Language, Sapir talked about what he called ‘drift’, the changes that a language undergoes through time [...]. Dialects of a language are formed when that language is broken into different segments that no longer move along the same exact drift. Even so, the general drift of a language has its deep and its shallow currents; those features that distinguish closely related dialects will be of the rapid, shallow currents, while the deeper, slower currents may remain consistent between the dialects for millennia. It is this latter type that Sapir felt is ‘fundamental to the genius of the language’ (p. 172), and he said that ‘The momentum of the more fundamental, the pre-dialectal, drift is often such that languages long disconnected will pass through the same or strikingly similar phases’ (p. 172).

Hittite hi-verbs and the Indo-European perfect

Frederik H. H. Kortlandt — Mon, 12 Jul 2010 12:34:51 +0200

In an earlier study (1983) I argued that unlike aorists and athematic presents, Indo-European perfects and thematic presents originally had a dative subject, as in German mir träumt ‘me dreams’ for ich träume ‘I dream’, e.g. Greek oida ‘I know’ < ‘it is known to me’, édomai ‘I will eat’ < ‘it is eatable to me’. On the basis of Oettinger’s epoch-making book (1979), I proposed that the Hittite hi-flexion originated from a merger of the perfect, where *-i was added to 3rd sg. *-e in order to supply a new present, with the thematic flexion of causatives and iteratives, where the final *-e of 3rd sg. *-eie was dropped before the loss of intervocalic *-i- (1983: 315).

Indo-Uralic and Altaic

Frederik H. H. Kortlandt — Mon, 12 Jul 2010 10:14:58 +0200

Elsewhere I have argued that the Indo-European verbal system can be understood in terms of its Indo-Uralic origins because the reconstructed Indo-European endings can be derived from combinations of Indo-Uralic morphemes by a series of well-motivated phonetic and analogic developments (2002). Moreover, I have claimed (2004b) that the Proto-Uralic consonant gradation accounts for the peculiar correlations between Indo-European root structure and accentuation discovered by Lubotsky (1988).