Universitätspublikationen
64 search hits
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IAP-IAP complexes required for apoptosis resistance of C. trachomatis-infected cells
(2006)
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Krishnaraj Rajalingam
Manu Sharma
Nicole Paland
Robert Hurwitz
Oliver Thieck
Monique Oswald
Nikolaus Machuy
Thomas Rudel
- Host cells infected with obligate intracellular bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis are profoundly resistant to diverse apoptotic stimuli. The molecular mechanisms underlying the block in apoptotic signaling of infected cells is not well understood. Here we investigated the molecular mechanism by which apoptosis induced via the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor is prevented in infected epithelial cells. Infection with C. trachomatis leads to the up-regulation of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (cIAP)-2, and interfering with cIAP-2 up-regulation sensitized infected cells for TNF-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, besides cIAP-2, cIAP-1 and X-linked IAP, although not differentially regulated by infection, are required to maintain apoptosis resistance in infected cells. We detected that IAPs are constitutively organized in heteromeric complexes and small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of one of these IAPs affects the stability of another IAP. In particular, the stability of cIAP-2 is modulated by the presence of X-linked IAP and their interaction is stabilized in infected cells. Our observations suggest that IAPs are functional and stable as heteromers, a thus far undiscovered mechanism of IAP regulation and its role in modulation of apoptosis.
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Ubiquitin and SUMO signaling networks
(2006)
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Christina-Maria Hecker
- Ubiquitylation is a three-step process, which results in the attachment of the small protein ubiquitin (Ub) to lysine residues on a substrate protein. SUMO proteins are ubiquitin (Ub)-related modifiers implicated in the regulation of gene transcription, cell cycle, DNA repair and protein localization. The molecular mechanisms by which the sumoylation of target proteins regulates diverse cellular functions remain poorly understood. During my PhD I isolated and characterized SUMO1 and SUMO2 binding motifs. Using Yeast Two Hybrid system, bioinformatics and NMR spectroscopy we defined a common SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) and map its binding surfaces on SUMO1 and SUMO2. This motif forms a β-strand that could bind in parallel or anti-parallel orientation to the β2-strand of SUMO due to the environment of the hydrophobic core. A negative charge imposed by a stretch of neighboring acidic amino acids and/or phosphorylated serine residues determines its specificity in binding to distinct SUMO paralogues and can modulate the spatial orientation of SUMO-SIM interactions. Mutation of the SUMO interacting motif of TTRAP (TRAFS and TNF receptor associated protein) influences both its localization and dynamic behaviour in living cells. Ubiquitin (Ub)-binding domains (UBDs) are key elements in conveying Ub-based cellular signals. UBD-containing proteins interact with ubiquitylated targets and control numerous biological processes including receptor trafficking, DNA repair, virus budding and gene transcription. They themselves undergo UBD-dependent monoubiquitylation, which promotes intramolecular binding of the UBD to the attached Ub and consequently leads to their functional inhibition. During the second part of my PhD I could show that, in contrast to the established ubiquitylation pathway, the presence of UBDs allows the monoubiquitylation of host protein independently of classical E3 ligases. UBDs of different types including UBA, UIM, UBM, NFZ and UBZ, can directly cooperate with E2 Ub-conjugating enzymes to promote monoubiquitylation of their host proteins. Using FRET technology I verified that the E2 enzyme and the substrate directly interact in cells. Moreover, UBD-containing proteins Stam2 and Sts2 promote self-ubiquitylation and not ubiquitylation of other targets or form polyUb chains from free Ub. Our study revealed a yet unappreciated role of E2 enzymes in ubiquitylation reactions of UBD containing proteins.
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Untersuchungen zum Auftreten von Schmelzpunktalternanzen in isomeren und homologen Reihen : Protokoll zum Analytikteil des ACF-Praktikums vom 13.02. – 29.03.2006 bei Dr. Carsten Schauerte im Arbeitskreis von Professor Dr. M. U. Schmidt am Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der J. W. Goethe-Universität
(2006)
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Stephan Frömmel
- Die Schmelztemperaturen und Schmelzenthalpien verschiedener homologer und isomerer Reihen zeigen Alternanzverhalten. In einem Vergleich von über 140 Datenreihen wurde versucht, einen möglichen Zusammenhang von Molekülstruktureigenschaften und dem Auftreten von Alternanzen der genannten physikalischen Eigenschaften darzulegen.
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Chaperoning, assembly, and intracellular trafficking of recombinant P2X receptors
(2006)
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Cristina Niculescu
- P2X receptors are ligand (ATP)-gated ion channels that open an intrinsic cation permeable pathway in response to extracellular ATP released from both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. P2X receptors are abundantly distributed and mediate a wide variety of physiological functions, ranging from fast synaptic transmission in the central, peripheral, and enteric nervous system, to proinflammatory cytokine release from immune cells. The primary aim of this work was to elucidate the pathway that leads to the finally assembled trimeric P2X receptors, including the assessment of a possible role of ER chaperones and folding factors in this process. Additionally, the study was conducted to investigate the various ER quality control processes involved in the selection of “properly folded and assembled” P2X receptors that are suitable for the surface expression.
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Molekularbiologische und biochemische Charakterisierung der "Succinat-Dehydrogenase" aus Wolinella succinogenes
(2006)
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Hanno Dominik Juhnke
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Structural characterization of metal(II) binding sites in ribozymes using EPR spectroscopy : the role of metal ions for the cleavage of the hammerhead ribozymes
(2006)
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Natalia Kiseleva
- Summary and Outlook The aim of this work was the investigation of the Mn2+ binding sites in hammerhead and the Diels-Alder ribozymes. This project consists of three main topics. In the first part quantification and structural characterization of Mn2+ binding sites in the m- and the tsHHRz using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy are described. The second part summarizes the newest results obtained for the cleavage activity of both mand tsHHRzs in the presence of different Mg2+ and Mn2+ and Na+ ion concentrations using the new method with fluorescent-labeled RNAs. Here the influence of neomycin B on the structure of Mn2+ binding pockets and on the catalytic activity of both HHRzs is discussed. In addition, a possible role of Mn2+ ions is suggested from correlation of the EPR data with the kinetic results. The last chapter is devoted to quantification and differentiation of Mn2+ binding sites of the Diels-Alder ribozyme using continuous wave (cw) EPR experiments in solution. In this work EPR spectroscopy was used to study the binding of Mn2+ ions to the cis tsHHRz and to compare it with the binding to the trans mHHRz and to the Diels-Alder ribozyme. Cw EPR measurements showed that the tsHHRz possesses a single highaffinity Mn2+ binding site with a KD of < 10 nM at a NaCl concentration of 0.1 M. This dissociation constant is three orders of magnitude smaller than the KD determined for the single high-affinity Mn2+ site in the mHHRz (KD = 4.4 μM). The measurements of catalytic activity have been performed using fluorescent-labeled RNAs. Compared to the mHHRz, the cis tsHHRz cleaves up to 20-fold faster in the presence of Mg2+/Mn2+ ions with no saturation of the cleavage rates at high metal(II) ion concentrations. This is in good agreement with the last investigations on the trans tsHHRz (Nelson et al. 2005). Thus, the much stronger Mn2+ binding and higher cleavage activity were attributed to the interaction between the two external loops of the tsHHRz which reduces the RNA dynamics and traps the Mn2+ in the tightly folded conformation. Intriguingly, according to the EPR studies the binding constants for Mn2+ ions are several orders higher than the concentration of Mn2+ ions required for the catalytic activity (mHHRz: KD = 4.4 ± 0.5 μM and the Mn2+ concentration required to achieve half of the maximum cleavage rate [Mn2+]1/2 = 4.1 ± 0.6 mM respectively). Therefore, strongly bound Mn2+ ions seem to be needed for the folding of the HHRz, whereas weakly bound metal(II) ions are required to achieve full catalytic activity, and may be directly involved in catalysis. A comparison between the Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation (ESEEM) and Hyperfine Sublevel Correlation (HYSCORE) spectra of m- and tsHHRz demonstrates that both binding sites in HHRzs are structurally very similar. This suggests that the Mn2+ is located in both ribozymes between the bases A9 and G10.1 of the sheared G•A tandem basepair, as shown previously and in detail for the mHHRz (Vogt and DeRose 1998, Schiemann et al. 2003). However, the hyperfine spectra of the tsHHRz with 15N labeled G10.1 revealed no difference in comparison with the ones with 14N. This leads to an interpretation that the Mn2+ binding sites in both ribozymes are not identical. In addition, aminoglycoside antibiotic neomycin B inhibits the cleavage activity of both despite of the fact that it displaces the high-affinity Mn2+ ion only from the mHHRz. Hence, binding of neomycin B to the m- and the tsHHRzs probably occurs at different sites and neomycin B displaces only loosely bound Me2+ ions from the tsHHRs, whereas in the mHHRz both the high-affinity ion and the weakly bound ions are replaced. Therefore, it cannot be excluded that weakly bound Mg2+/Mn2+ ions, together with looploop interactions, induce a structural rearrangement which brings the high-affinity ion closer to the cleavage site. In the case of the Diels-Alder ribozyme it possesses five Mn2+ binding sites with KD = 0.6 ± 0.2 μM in solution under conditions where it is catalytically active. The competition experiment with Cd2+ allows to distinguish three different types of Mn2+ binding sites in the Diels-Alder ribozyme including inner-sphere monomeric Mn2+, monomeric Mn2+ bound through water-mediated contacts and electronically coupled dimeric Mn2+. Three Mn2+ ions are more strongly bound to the ribozyme via inner-sphere contacts, whereas two other Mn2+ ions form water-mediated outer-sphere contacts with the nucleotides of the ribozyme. The inner-sphere Mn2+ with the highest affinity and the fourth Mn2+ ions added to the ribozyme form a dimer with a Mn2+-Mn2+ distance of ~6 Å (as arises from simulations). Moreover, an addition of the product analog inhibitor (AMDA) to the [Diels-Alder ribozymes/ Mn2+] complex shows no conformational changes in the Mn2+ binding pockets. This is in good agreement with the recent studies which suggest that the Diels-Alder ribozyme is preorganized (Keiper et al. 2004). Some considerations on the evolution of the project (Outlook) There may be several venues of continuation of this project, which exploit on unique combination of EPR experiments and biochemical studies on RNA. This combination may allow us to significantly contribute to understanding of metal role in HHRz catalysis. Since the tsHHRz possesses the high affinity Mn2+ binding site (Kd < 10 nM) it creates a possibility to find conditions where the structural site is occupied by Mn2+, while catalytic sites are occupied by Mg2+ ions. If these conditions will be established by EPR titration, a set of standard biochemical experiments may be designed to look at the kinetic of cleavage and differentiate the “structural” and catalytic effects. The other experiment would be to look at the Mn2+ binding site in the tsHHRz in comparison with P1 and P1/P2 complexes and compare the results with the ones for the mHHRz. No matter the answer, P1 can be used as a simpler model to study the effect of tertiary structure on Mn2+ binding. A set of the tsHHRz mutants can be created to observe the mutations affect on Mn2+ binding sites, Mn2+ affinity and correlate the data with the kinetic analysis. FRET-based kinetic assay with fluorophore pairs on P1 and P2 can be designed for the kinetic experiments. Having this system one will be able to perform kinetic measurements 100-fold faster comparing to standard gel procedures (everything will be done in 96-wells). By manipulating the lengths and the sequence of P2 we most likely will be able to use FRET assay for the chemical step analysis (provided Kd > k2), and measure it using stop-flow system with time resolution of microseconds. And finally, one will be able to quantitatively measure the effect of neomycin B on the tsHHRz. Another interesting possibility would be to look at the state of metal(II) in the tsHHRz – enzyme alone (dissociated product) and in the enzyme-product complex and compare with the full-length tsHHRz. It will provide the information about the local rearrangements upon catalysis and the role of metal(II) ions. Furthermore, additional pulse-EPR experiments using 15N labeling have to be performed in order to reveal the location of the high-affinity Mn2+ binding site in the tsHHRz. Additionally, paramagnetic Mn2+ ions can be localized within the global fold of HHRzs using PELDOR and site-directed spin labeling. Further characterization of the high-affinity binding site in the tsHHRz can be performed using high-field ENDOR measurements in order to obtain the 14N and 31P tensors.
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David gegen Goliath : wie Viren das Immunsystem überlisten
(2006)
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Christian Schölz
Robert Tampé
- Infektionen mit Herpesviren sind bereits seit der Antike bekannt. So beschrieb zum Beispiel schon Hippokrates in seinem »Corpus Hippocraticum« die sich auf der Haut ausbreitenden Herpes Simplex Läsionen und gab der Krankheit ihren bis heute gültigen Namen. Verbürgt ist auch, dass der römische Kaiser Tiberius vor etwa 2000 Jahren während einer auftretenden Herpes labialis-Epidemie das Küssen bei öffentlichen Zeremonien per Dekret verbat. Shakespeare war ebenfalls bestens vertraut mit den periodisch auftretenden Herpes-Bläschen; in seinem Werk »Romeo & Julia« spricht Mercutio zu Romeo: »O’er ladies lips, who straight on kisses dream, which oft the angry Mab with blisters plagues, ….« Doch erst in den 1960er Jahren erkannte man die virale Herkunft der Erkrankung.
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Silyl chalcogenolates: synthesis, reactivity and transition metal complexes
(2006)
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Theresa Irene Kückmann
- Chalcogen-based species are common ligands in transition-metal chemistry and display a variety of coordination modes. Like alkyl- and arylchalcogenolates, silylchalcogenolates are able to stabilize transition-metal complexes. Metal chalcogenolates LnM-ESiR3 with small organic residues R can serve as precursors for larger metal–chalcogenide clusters, which can be accessed by cleaving the E-Si bond. Furthermore, large silyl residues at the chalcogen atom serve to kinetically stabilize reactive systems. To explore the diverse chemistry of this class of compounds, a number of different silyl chalcogenolates were synthesized, including the sodium siloxide Ph2MeSiONa and the chalcogen derivatives of the extremely sterically hindered silyl residues tBu2PhSi- und tBu3Si-. The anionic silyl species tBu2PhSiNa and tBu3SiNa nucleophilically degrade elemental chalcogens (S, Se, and Te), thus producing the silyl chalcogenolates tBu2PhSiENa and tBu3SiENa (E = S, Se, Te). The chemical and structural properties of these compounds were studied. Protonolysis produces the corresponding chalcogenols tBu2RSiEH, while oxidation leads to the dichalcogenides tBu2RSiE-ESiRtBu2 (R = tBu, Ph; E = S, Se, Te). Oxidative addition of the dichalcogenides to metal centers in low oxidation states offers one route to chalcogenolate complexes. To investigate the realm of this approach, three oligochalcogen compounds R3SiE-E′n-ESiR3 were synthesized. The tetrasulfane tBu3SiS-S2-SSitBu3 and the chalcogen(II)dithiolates (tBu3SiS)2Se and (tBu3SiS)2Te were produced, and their stability was investigated. The direct comparison of isoelectronic species allows for a deeper understanding of their similarities and differences. The silanides R3Si– can be considered as anionic phosphane analogues in which a phosphorus atom has been formally replaced with a Si– unit. Phosphanylborhydrides R2BH3P– also belong to this isoelectronic series. The same analogy holds true for the chalcogen derivatives related to the phosphane chalcogenides R3P=E. With this in mind, complexes of the CpFe(CO)2 fragment with the different isoelectronic ligands were synthesized and compared. The silyl-based ligands were found to be the strongest donors of the two isoelectronic series. The differences in donor strength were roughly twice as large for the nonchalcogen species as for the chalcogen-based ligands. To further investigate the chemistry of transition-metal silyl chalcogenolate complexes, the coordination behavior of the chalcogenolates tBu2RSiE– (R = tBu, Ph; E = S, Se, Te) was studied. Salt metathesis of silyl thiolates with appropriate metal halides leads to the multinuclear complexes [Cu(SSitBu2Ph)]4 and [ZnCl(SSitBu3)(THF)]2. Metathesis products were identified in the reactions of BrMn(CO)5 with one or two equivalents of tBu3SiSNa(THF)2. Diproporationation of these compounds leads to dimeric Mn(I)Mn(II) complexes. The crystal structure of the dinuclear disproportionation product [(CO)3Mn(mu-SSitBu3)3Mn(SSitBu3)]– displays a terminal tBu3SiS– ligand, which coordinates with a Mn-S-Si angle of 180°. This geometry indicates that the thiolate can be considered as a six-electron donor (2 sigma e–, 4 pie–), analogous to the cyclopentadienyl ligand. Photoinduced oxidative addition of the dichalcogenides to Fe(CO)5 leads to the dimeric complexes [(CO)3Fe(ESitBu3)]2 (E = S, Se, Te). The tellurolate complex forms quantitatively within 8 h. The thiolate complex, on the other hand, is formed slowly over a period of six months. IR-spectroscopic investigation of the CO vibrations of the three homologous complexes indicates that the tellurolate is the strongest donor of the series.
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Künstliche Ribonucleasen auf Basis von 2-Aminobenzimidazolen
(2006)
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Sascha Peter
- Die Entwicklung künstlicher Ribonucleasen bietet das Potential, Werkzeuge für die Biotechnologie und langfristig neuartige Pharmaka bereitzustellen. 2-Aminobenzimidazole haben sich als metallfreie Katalysatoren zur unspezifischen Spaltung von Ribonucleinsäuren bewährt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte das Konzept von künstlichen Ribonucleasen auf Basis dieser Molekülklasse auf seine Tragfähigkeit gerprüft werden. Außerdem sollten weitere mechanistische Erkenntnisse über die Katalyse der RNA-Hydrolyse durch 2-Aminobenzimidazole gewonnen werden. Hierzu wurden kupplungsfähige 2-Aminobenzimidazol-Derivate hergestellt und anschließend an RNA-Liganden gekuppelt. Diese Konjugate wurden auf ihre Spaltaktivität gegenüber RNA bei physiologischen Bedingungen sowie auf ihre Substrat- und Ortsspezifität getestet. Zunächst wurden Tripeptidkonjugate synthetisiert und untersucht. Hierbei konnte eine gegenüber den unkonjugierten Spezies erhöhte Affinität der Konjugate zum Substrat festgestellt werden. Auch wurde gezeigt, dass 2-Aminobenzimidazole, die in wässriger Lösung zur Aggregation neigen, auch als Einzelmoleküle in der Lage sind, die RNA-Hydrolyse zu katalysieren. Die Substrat- und Ortsspezifität der Tripeptidkonjugate ließ jedoch zu wünschen übrig. Durch die Konjugation von 2-Aminobenzimidazol-Derivaten an Antisense-DNA gelang schließlich die sequenz- und ortsspezifische Affinitätsspaltung von RNA mit beachtlicher Aktivität. Damit war die Tragfähigkeit des Konzepts bewiesen. Ferner konnten durch die weitere Untersuchung der Konjugate starke Indizien gewonnen werden, die das Modell, auf dem die Auswahl der 2-Aminobenzimidazole als katalytische Einheit beruht, stützen.
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Klonierung und Charakterisierung eines ecotropen porzinen endogenen Retrovirus der Klasse C (PERV-C)
(2006)
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Thomas Preuß
- Durch die vertikale Vererbung von endogenen Retroviren, deren Fähigkeit humane Zellen in vitro zu infizieren und ihrer Rekombinationsfähigkeit besteht ein Risikopotential bei der Verwendung porziner Gewebe bzw. Organe im Rahmen der XTx, weshalb ein Screening auf PERV im Genom von Spendertieren und eine immunologische Kontrolle von Xenotransplantatempfängern von Bedeutung ist. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnten vier native, teilweise unvollständige, provirale Sequenzen aus einer Genbibliothek einer Zelllinie von Minischweinen isoliert werden. Der Molekularklon PERV-C(1312) zeigt die vollständigen Leserahmen für das gag-, pol- und env-Gen, die 5LTR Sequenz beinhaltet einen Repeat mit 39 bp. Das Virus ist in der Lage produktiv porzine ST-IOWA Zellen in vitro zu infizieren und nach Transfektion in humane Nierenzellen in das Genom zu integrieren. Eine Rekombination mit PERV-B(33)/ATG Partikeln konnte nicht gezeigt werden. Nach Transfektion von Deletionsmutanten von PERV-B(33)/ATG in MAX-T Zellen, denen das gag- und pol-Gen fehlte und lediglich der offene Leserahmen für das env-Gen intakt war, konnte keine Rekombination bzw. Inkorporation von Env-B Proteinen in PERV-C Partikeln nachgewiesen werden. Für eine immunologische Detektion des Env-C Proteins wurde ein polyklonales Antiserums in Kaninchen generiert und ein monoklonaler Antikörper hergestellt. Die Epitope für beide Antikörper sind im SU des env-C Gens lokalisiert. Das Env-C Protein kann durch das polyklonale Antiserum durch Western Blot Analyse in Zelllysaten und in immunhistochemischen Analysen in verschiedenen Zelllinien detektiert werden. In PERV-C Partikeln wird das Env-Protein sowohl durch das polyklonale Antiserum als auch durch den monoklonalen Antikörper spezifisch detektiert. Durch den immunologischen Nachweis von PERV-C Proteinen ist es möglich im Hinblick auf eine XTx den Nachweis dieser Proteine in möglichen Rezipienten durchzuführen. Durch die zusätzlich isolierten Flankensequenzen des replikationskompetenten Molekularklons PERV-C(1312) wäre eine Screening Methode, durch die Verwendung einer spezifischen Flankensonde, möglich, um genomische Integrationsorte und somit die Präsenz dieses Provirus in den Zellen des Spendertieres vorab zu überprüfen, um möglichst Spendertiere für eine XTx zu verwenden, die frei von PERV-C(1312) sind. Somit leistet diese Arbeit einen Beitrag zur besseren Evaluierung des Risikopotentials zukünftiger Xenotransplantationen.
