OPUS 4 | Universitätspublikationen

Die Bedeutung von Zelltod-Prozessen während der Alterung des filamentösen Ascomyzeten Podospora anserina (2011)

Diana Brust

Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Untersuchungen führten zu folgenden Ergebnissen: 1. In-silico Analysen von putativen Apoptose-Faktoren im Genom von P. anserina Es konnten mehrere Gene, die in einer Apoptose-Maschinerie involviert sein könnten, im Genom von P. anserina identifiziert werden. Diese Homologen wurden in zwei Ka-tegorien unterteilt: (i) die nicht-mitochondrialen Proteine PaMCA1, PaMCA2 und PaPARP und (ii) die Homologen des Apoptose-induzierenden Faktors AIF. 2. Einfluss der Metacaspase-Aktivität auf programmierte Zelltodprozesse Mithilfe von Aktivitätsmessungen konnte eine Arginin-spezifische Aktivität der Meta-caspasen nachgewiesen werden. Diese Metacaspase-Aktivität nimmt in seneszenten Kulturen und nach H2O2-Behandlung signifikant zu. Diese Ergebnisse unterstützen die Hypothese eines programmierten, ROS-induzierten Zelltods im letzten Entwicklungs-stadium des Alternsmodell P. anserina. 3. Die Rolle von AIF-Homologen in der Entwicklung von P. anserina GFP-Fusionsproteine identifizierten eine mitochondriale Lokalisation der AIF-Homologen PaAIF2, PaAMID2 und PaPRG3. Desweiteren konnte eine altersabhängige PaAIF2-Translokation von den Mitochondrien zum Zellkern gezeigt werden, ähnlich der Apoptose-induzierenden Translokation von humanem AIF. Die Deletion von PaAif2 und PaAmid2 führte zu einer signifikanten Resistenz gegenüber oxidativem Stress und zu einer Verlängerung der Lebensspanne. Diese Befunde weisen auf einen ROS-induzierten, AIF-vermittelten Zelltod hin, der an der Lebensspannen-Kontrolle von P. anserina beteiligt ist. 4. Die Funktion des Proteins PaCYPD bei Seneszenz und programmiertem Zelltod Membranpotential-Messungen konnten einen Rückgang des mitochondrialen Memb-ranpotentials von 21 % bei den PaCYPD-Überexpressionsstämmen nachweisen. Durch die Behandlung mit dem spezifischen PaCYPD-Inhibitor CSA konnte das Membranpo-tential wieder normalisiert werden. Zusammen mit dem detektierten Verlust von 7 Zusammenfassung 125 Cytochrom c in den Mitochondrien der Überexpressionsstämme wird durch diese Studi-en die Vermutung einer PaCYPD-abhängigen Öffnung der mPTP untermauert. Die Pa-PaCypD-Deletion führte zu einer signifikanten Resistenz gegenüber mitochondrial-abhängigem, oxidativem Stress und gegenüber verschiedenen Apoptose-Induktoren. Die Überexpression von PaCypD hingegen führte zu einem beschleunigten Alterungspro-zess (Präseneszenz), einem verschlechterten Resistenzverhalten gegenüber Stress- und Apoptose-Induktoren und zu einer massiven Verkürzung der Lebensspanne. Die Le-bensspanne konnte aber durch die Behandlung mit CSA wieder auf Wildtyp-Niveau verbessert werden. Dies weist auf einen PaCYPD-vermittelte Zelltod hin. Interessan-terweise konnte durch das Wachstum auf CSA-haltigem Medium auch die Lebensspanne des Wildtyps verlängert werden. Um die hier nachgewiesene, lebensver-längernde Wirkung von CSA zu verifizieren, könnte diese Studie leicht auf andere Modellorganismen übertragen werden.

Amino Acid Transporter Genes Are Essential for FLO11-Dependent and FLO11-Independent Biofilm Formation and Invasive Growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2012)

Rasmus Torbensen Henrik Devitt Møller David Gresham Sefa Alizadeh Doreen Ochmann Eckhard Boles Birgitte Regenberg

Amino acids can induce yeast cell adhesion but how amino acids are sensed and signal the modulation of the FLO adhesion genes is not clear. We discovered that the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae CEN.PK evolved invasive growth ability under prolonged nitrogen limitation. Such invasive mutants were used to identify amino acid transporters as regulators of FLO11 and invasive growth. One invasive mutant had elevated levels of FLO11 mRNA and a Q320STOP mutation in the SFL1 gene that encodes a protein kinase A pathway regulated repressor of FLO11. Glutamine-transporter genes DIP5 and GNP1 were essential for FLO11 expression, invasive growth and biofilm formation in this mutant. Invasive growth relied on known regulators of FLO11 and the Ssy1-Ptr3-Ssy5 complex that controls DIP5 and GNP1, suggesting that Dip5 and Gnp1 operates downstream of the Ssy1-Ptr3-Ssy5 complex for regulation of FLO11 expression in a protein kinase A dependent manner. The role of Dip5 and Gnp1 appears to be conserved in the S. cerevisiae strain ∑1278b since the dip5 gnp1 ∑1278b mutant showed no invasive phenotype. Secondly, the amino acid transporter gene GAP1 was found to influence invasive growth through FLO11 as well as other FLO genes. Cells carrying a dominant loss-of-function PTR3647::CWNKNPLSSIN allele had increased transcription of the adhesion genes FLO1, 5, 9, 10, 11 and the amino acid transporter gene GAP1. Deletion of GAP1 caused loss of FLO11 expression and invasive growth. However, deletions of FLO11 and genes encoding components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway or the protein kinase A pathway were not sufficient to abolish invasive growth, suggesting involvement of other FLO genes and alternative pathways. Increased intracellular amino acid pools in the PTR3647::CWNKNPLSSIN-containing strain opens the possibility that Gap1 regulates the FLO genes through alteration of the amino acid pool sizes.

Biocatalytic synthesis of flavones and hydroxyl-small molecules by recombinant Escherichia coli cells expressing the cyanobacterial CYP110E1 gene (2012)

Takuya Makino Toshihiko Otomatsu Kazutoshi Shindo Emi Kitamura Gerhard Sandmann Hisashi Harada Norihiko Misawa

Background: Cyanobacteria possess several cytochrome P450s, but very little is known about their catalytic functions. CYP110 genes unique to cyanaobacteria are widely distributed in heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria including nitrogen-fixing genera Nostoc and Anabaena. We screened the biocatalytic functions of all P450s from three cyanobacterial strains of genus Nostoc or Anabaena using a series of small molecules that contain flavonoids, sesquiterpenes, low-molecular-weight drugs, and other aromatic compounds. Results: Escherichia coli cells carrying each P450 gene that was inserted into the pRED vector, containing the RhFRed reductase domain sequence from Rhodococcus sp. NCIMB 9784 P450RhF (CYP116B2), were co-cultured with substrates and products were identified when bioconversion reactions proceeded. Consequently, CYP110E1 of Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120, located in close proximity to the first branch point in the phylogenetic tree of the CYP110 family, was found to be promiscuous for the substrate range mediating the biotransformation of various small molecules. Naringenin and (hydroxyl) flavanones were respectively converted to apigenin and (hydroxyl) flavones, by functioning as a flavone synthase. Such an activity is reported for the first time in prokaryotic P450s. Additionally, CYP110E1 biotransformed the notable sesquiterpene zerumbone, anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen and flurbiprofen (methylester forms), and some aryl compounds such as 1-methoxy and 1-ethoxy naphthalene to produce hydroxylated compounds that are difficult to synthesize chemically, including novel compounds. Conclusion: We elucidated that the CYP110E1 gene, C-terminally fused to the P450RhF RhFRed reductase domain sequence, is functionally expressed in E. coli to synthesize a robust monooxygenase, which shows promiscuous substrate specificity (affinity) for various small molecules, allowing the biosynthesis of not only flavones (from flavanones) but also a variety of hydroxyl-small molecules that may span pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.

Improving L-arabinose utilization of pentose fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells by heterologous expression of L-arabinose transporting sugar transporters (2011)

Thorsten Subtil Eckhard Boles

Background: Hydrolysates of plant biomass used for the production of lignocellulosic biofuels typically contain sugar mixtures consisting mainly of D-glucose and D-xylose, and minor amounts of L-arabinose. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the preferred microorganism for the fermentative production of ethanol but is not able to ferment pentose sugars. Although D-xylose and L-arabinose fermenting S. cerevisiae strains have been constructed recently, pentose uptake is still a limiting step in mixed sugar fermentations. Results: Here we described the cloning and characterization of two sugar transporters, AraT from the yeast Scheffersomyces stipitis and Stp2 from the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, which mediate the uptake of L-arabinose but not of D-glucose into S. cerevisiae cells. A yeast strain lacking all of its endogenous hexose transporter genes and expressing a bacterial L-arabinose utilization pathway could no longer take up and grow with L-arabinose as the only carbon source. Expression of the heterologous transporters supported uptake and utilization of L-arabinose especially at low L-arabinose concentrations but did not, or only very weakly, support D-glucose uptake and utilization. In contrast, the S. cerevisiae D-galactose transporter, Gal2, mediated uptake of both L-arabinose and D-glucose, especially at high concentrations. Conclusions: Using a newly developed screening system we have identified two heterologous sugar transporters from a yeast and a plant which can support uptake and utilization of L-arabinose in L-arabinose fermenting S. cerevisiae cells, especially at low L-arabinose concentrations.

Hand to mouth in a Neandertal: right-handedness in regourdou 1 (2012)

Virginie Volpato Roberto Macchiarelli Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg Ivana Fiore Luca Bondioli David W. Frayer

We describe and analyze a Neandertal postcranial skeleton and dentition, which together show unambiguous signs of right-handedness. Asymmetries between the left and right upper arm in Regourdou 1 were identified nearly 20 years ago, then confirmed by more detailed analyses of the inner bone structure for the clavicle, humerus, radius and ulna. The total pattern of all bones in the shoulder and arm reveals that Regourdou 1 was a right-hander. Confirmatory evidence comes from the mandibular incisors, which display a distinct pattern of right oblique scratches, typical of right-handed manipulations performed at the front of the mouth. Regourdou's right handedness is consistent with the strong pattern of manual lateralization in Neandertals and further confirms a modern pattern of left brain dominance, presumably signally linguistic competence. These observations along with cultural, genetic and morphological evidence indicate language competence in Neandertals and their European precursors.

PaCATB, a secreted catalase protecting Podospora anserina against exogenous oxidative stress (2011)

Sandra Zintel Dominik Bernhardt Adelina Rogowska-Wrzesinska Heinz D. Osiewacz

A differential mass spectrometry analysis of secreted proteins from juvenile and senescentPodospora anserina cultures revealed age-related differences in protein profiles. Among other proteins with decreased abundance in the secretome of senescent cultures a catalase, termed PaCATB, was identified. Genetic modulation of the abundance of PaCATB identified differential effects on the phenotype of the corresponding strains. Deletion of PaCatB resulted in decreased resistance, over-expression in increased resistance against hydrogen peroxide. While the lifespan of the genetically modified strains was found to be unaffected under standard growth conditions, increased exogenous hydrogen peroxide stress in the growth medium markedly reduced the lifespan of the PaCatB deletion strain but extended the lifespan of PaCatB over-expressors. Overall our data identify a component of the secretome of P. anserina as a new effective factor to cope with environmental stress, stress that under natural conditions is constantly applied on organisms and influences aging processes.

Properties of photosystem I antenna protein complexes of the diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana (2012)

Matthias Juhas Claudia Büchel

Analysis of photosystem I (PSI) complexes from Cyclotella meneghiniana cultured under different growth conditions led to the identification of three groups of antenna proteins, having molecular weights of around 19, 18, and 17 kDa. The 19-kDa proteins have earlier been demonstrated to be more peripherally bound to PSI, and their amount in the PSI complexes was significantly reduced when the iron supply in the growth medium was lowered. This polypeptide was almost missing, and thus the total amount of fucoxanthin-chlorophyll proteins (Fcps) bound to PSI was reduced as well. When treating cells with high light in addition, no further changes in antenna polypeptide composition were detected. Xanthophyll cycle pigments were found to be bound to all Fcps of PSI. However, PSI of high light cultures had a significantly higher diatoxanthin to diadinoxanthin ratio, which is assumed to protect against a surplus of excitation energy. PSI complexes from the double-stressed cultures (high light plus reduced iron supply) were slightly more sensitive against destruction by the detergent treatment. This could be seen as a higher 674-nm emission at 77 K in comparison to the PSI complexes isolated from other growth conditions. Two major emission bands of the Fcps bound to PSI at 77 K could be identified, whereby chlorophyll a fluorescing at 697 nm was more strongly coupled to the PSI core than those fluorescing at 685 nm. Thus, the build up of the PSI antenna of several Fcp components enables variable reactions to several stress factors commonly experienced by the diatoms in vivo, in particular diatoxanthin enrichment under high light and reduction of antenna size under reduced iron conditions.

Influence of ground-state structure and Mg2+ binding on folding kinetics of the guanine-sensing riboswitch aptamer domain (2011)

Janina Buck Anna Wacker Eberhart Warkentin Jens Wöhnert Julia Wirmer-Bartoschek Harald Schwalbe

Riboswitch RNAs fold into complex tertiary structures upon binding to their cognate ligand. Ligand recognition is accomplished by key residues in the binding pocket. In addition, it often crucially depends on the stability of peripheral structural elements. The ligand-bound complex of the guanine-sensing riboswitch from Bacillus subtilis, for example, is stabilized by extensive interactions between apical loop regions of the aptamer domain. Previously, we have shown that destabilization of this tertiary loop–loop interaction abrogates ligand binding of the G37A/C61U-mutant aptamer domain (Gswloop) in the absence of Mg2+. However, if Mg2+ is available, ligand-binding capability is restored by a population shift of the ground-state RNA ensemble toward RNA conformations with pre-formed loop–loop interactions. Here, we characterize the striking influence of long-range tertiary structure on RNA folding kinetics and on ligand-bound complex structure, both by X-ray crystallography and time-resolved NMR. The X-ray structure of the ligand-bound complex reveals that the global architecture is almost identical to the wild-type aptamer domain. The population of ligand-binding competent conformations in the ground-state ensemble of Gswloop is tunable through variation of the Mg2+ concentration. We quantitatively describe the influence of distinct Mg2+ concentrations on ligand-induced folding trajectories both by equilibrium and time-resolved NMR spectroscopy at single-residue resolution.

Strukturelle Organisation und Mobilisierung des Primaten-spezifischen Non-LTR-Retrotransposons SVA (2011)

Julija Raiz

SVA-Elemente repraesentieren die juengste Familie der Non-LTR-Retrotransposons, welche das humane Genom fortwaehrend modifizieren. SVA-Elemente zeichnen sich durch ihre Organisation aus zusammengesetzten repetitiven Elementen aus. Um Rueckschluesse auf den Assemblierungsprozess, der zur gegenwaertigen Organisation der SVA-Elemente fuehrte, und ueber transkriptionelle Regulation dieser Elemente zu ziehen, wurden Unterschiede in der Struktur der 116 SVA-Elemente, die auf humanem Chromosom 19 lokalisiert sind, detailliert untersucht. SVA-Elemente konnten in sieben unterschiedliche Strukturvarianten eingeteilt werden, einschliesslich neuer Varianten wie SVA2, 3`-verkuerzte Elemente und Elemente mit 5`- flankierenden Transduktionen. Ich habe auch eine extrem erfolgreiche human-spezifische 5`-Transduktionsgruppe identifiziert, SVA_F1, die trotz ihres jungen evolutionaeren Alters ca. 32% aller Mitglieder der SVA-Subfamilie SVA_F umfasst. Die transkriptionelle Kontrolle einer retrotransponierten und 5`-verkuerzten SVA_F-Kopie durch den Promotor des MAST2-Gens diente als urspruengliches Source-Element dieser umfangreichen 5`- Transduktionsgruppe, die mindestens 84 Elemente einschliesst. Die zusaetzlichen 5`- sowie 3`-Transduktionsereignisse der vollstaendigen Alu-Sequenzen bei Mitgliedern der SVA_F1-Transduktionsgruppe 4 weisen auf ihre wichtige Rolle in der erfolgreichen Expansion im humanen Genom hin. Diese nachtraeglich erworbenen Alu-Sequenzen machen SVA_F1-Familienmitglieder offensichtlich zum besseren Substrat fuer die Trans- Mobilisierung durch die L1-Proteinmaschinerie. Die unterschiedlichen konsekutiven 5`- Tansduktionsereignisse der SVA_F1-Familienmitglieder deuten auf transkriptionelle Kontrolle ihrer Source-Elemente durch eine Vielzahl externer zellulaerer Promotoren hin, die im Laufe der Evolution in Keimzellen aktiv waren. Ausserdem zeigt die Existenz von 5`-Transduktionen, dass SVA-Elemente sich die 5`-flankierenden Sequenzen aneignen koennen. Die Daten zeigen auch, dass SVA-vermittelte 5-Tansduktionsereignisse alternatives RNA-Spleissen an putativen Spleissstellen involvieren. Aus der EST- Datenbankanalyse ist ersichtlich, dass Mitglieder der SVA_F1-Subfamilie auch gegenwaertig transkribiert werden. SVA-Elemente sind hoch aktiv im humanen Genom, aber der Mechanismus ihrer Retrotransposition wurde bislang nicht aufgeklaert. Vorangehende Analysen genomischer SVA-Kopien liessen auf eine L1-vermittelte Mobilisierung schliessen; allerdings wurde der experimentelle Beweis dieser Hypothese bislang nicht geliefert. Mit Hilfe der Zellkultur-basierten Trans-Mobilisierungsassays wurde in dieser Arbeit zum ersten Mal experimentell bewiesen, dass SVA-Elemente tatsaechlich durch die L1-kodierten Proteine in trans mobilisiert werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurden HeLa-Zellen mit einem vollstaendigen oder mit einem 5`-verkuerzten SVA-Retrotranspositionsreporterkonstrukt sowie mit einem L1-Expressionsplasmid bzw. Leervektor kotransfiziert und dann die jeweiligen Raten der SVA-Retrotransposition anhand Neo-resistenter Kolonien, die mindestens ein de novo-Retrotranspositionsereignis widerspiegeln, bestimmt. Die Experimente zeigen, dass die Entstehung der Neo-resistenten Kolonien von der Koexpression L1-kodierter Proteine abhaengig ist. Ich konnte auch zeigen, dass das vollstaendige SVA-Testkonstrukt - im Gegensatz zum 5`-verkuerzten SVA-Konstrukt - mit einer signifikant hoeheren Retrotranspositionsrate als die Kontrollkonstrukte, die zur Generierung der prozessierten Pseudogenformation eingesetzt wurden, trans-mobilisiert wird. Die Ergebnisse der Trans-Mobilisierungsassays belegen, dass SVA-Elemente ein bevorzugtes Substrat fuer die L1-Proteinmaschinerie darstellen, und ihre 5`-Region einschliesslich der Alu-homologen Sequenz fuer die hohe Retrotranspositionsrate essentiell ist. Die elf analysierten SVA de novo-Integrationsereignisse weisen Merkmale der L1- vermittelten Retrotransposition auf, wie Poly(A)-Enden, L1-EN-spezifische Konsensus- Zielsequenz (NNAUNA), Zielsequenz-Verdoppelungen (TSDs), Mikrohomologien und zusaetzliche Guanosin-Nukleotide am 5`-UEbergang. Zusammenfassend demonstrieren die Ergebnisse dieser Studien, dass ein signifikanter Teil der Mitglieder der human-spezifischen SVA-Subfamilie aus transkriptioneller Kontrolle ihrer Source-Elemente durch externe Promotoren hervorgeht. Durch die in dieser Arbeit durchgefuehrten in silico-Analysen wurde auch gezeigt, dass SVA-vermittelte 5`- Transduktionsereignisse zur strukturellen Vielfalt der SVA-Elemente fuehren, und eine neue Art von genomischen Umstrukturierungen darstellen, die zur Plastizitaet des humanen Genoms beitragen. Ausserdem bestaetigen die Ergebnisse der Trans- Mobilisierungsassays die Hypothese, dass SVA-Elemente tatsaechlich durch die L1- kodierte Proteinmaschinerie trans-mobilisiert werden. Dabei sind Module am 5`-Ende der SVA-Elemente fuer diesen Prozess hoechst relevant. Die Ergebnisse der Dualen-Luciferase-Reportergen-Assays unterstuetzen die Hypothese, dass innerhalb der SINE-R-Sequenz von SVA H19_27 cis-aktive Elemente vorhanden sind, die auf aehnliche Weise wie die cis-aktiven Elemente innerhalb der 5`LTR von HERV-K reguliert werden. Ausserdem wurde in dieser Arbeit die Existenz interner reguatorischer Sequenzen innerhalb der SVA-Sequenz bestaetigt. Mit Hilfe der Dualen-Luciferase-Reportergen- Assays konnte zum ersten Mal gezeigt werden, dass SVA-Elemente cis-aktive Elemente enthalten, die hauptsaechlich in der SINE-R-Region lokalisiert sind. Diese cis-aktiven Elemente werden auf aehnliche Weise wie die cis-aktiven Elemente innerhalb der 5`LTR von HERV-K reguliert. Die starke transkriptionelle Aktivitaet des vollstaendigen SVA- Testelements und des L1RP-Promotors in den Teratokarzinom-Zelllinien bekraeftigen die Annahme, dass haeufige SVA-Mobilisierung in Keimzellen durch die gleichzeitig hochregulierte SVA- und L1-Transkription bedingt sein koennte. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass SVA-Elemente cis-aktive Elemente enthalten, die hauptsaechlich in der SINE-R-Region lokalisiert sind, und auf aehnliche Weise wie die cis- aktiven Elemente innerhalb der 5`LTR von HERV-K reguliert werden. Die starke transkriptionelle Aktivitaet des vollstaendigen SVA-Testelements und des L1RP-Promotors in Teratokarzinom-Zelllinien bestaetigen die Annahme, dass haeufige SVA- Retrotransposition in Keimzellen durch die gleichzeitig hochregulierte SVA- und L1- Transkription bedingt sein koennte.

The sponges of the Chinese Yellow Sea (2011)

Daniela Henkel

Sponges are one of the major components of benthic communities and are considered to be a key role organism in marine ecosystems. In addition to their importance in terms of biodiversity, sponges are becoming increasingly attractive to the industry, as they themselves or associated symbionts, produce various kinds of secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical properties. Some of them have already been clinically applied. The taxonomic characters of Porifera are limited to only a few morphological and histological characters. In addition, sponges of the same species often show a wide morphological variability, whereas the latter depends on different ecological parameters such as water depth and current conditions. Thus, the taxonomic classification of sponges often becomes a scientific challenge. The fauna of the Yellow Sea rates among the least studied worldwide. At the same time, according to the UN Atlas of the Ocean, the Yellow Sea is one of the most intensively exploited marine areas in the world. This is not least due to the dense human population living in the entire catchment area of the Yellow Sea region. In order to compile medium- and longterm conclusions about the anthropogenic impact on biota of the Yellow Sea, the knowledge of species and their distribution is of crucial importance, as these data form the baseline for all future conservation efforts. Until now the sponge fauna of the Chinese Yellow Sea is insufficiently investigated. Thus, there is only one publication on sponges from this region that has been released hitherto. This paper is dealing with only a view species. However, there is no reference concerning the present location of the voucher material, on which this publication is based on. Consequently, no scientific collection on Porifera from the Chinese part of the Yellow Sea exists to date. In order to compile a documentation of the recent sponge community of the Chinese Yellow Sea, 12 study sites along the coast of the Liaoning Peninsula, China, Northeast Yellow Sea, were investigated with focus on sponge distribution. The corresponding habitats were characterized in regard to their topographical features, abiotic parameters, and common composition of benthic megafaunal and macroalgal assemblages. Due to the lack of comparable studies, a comprehensive literature research on sponges of the shallow Northwest Pacific Ocean was required. As a result the first compilation of publications is presented, dealing with sponges from shallow depths of the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Abstract 2 In the course of this study, 31 sponge species in total were recorded, which are scientifically processed. With the exception of four all specimens were determined to species- level. Twelve out of the total number of species are new to science and are described and classified according to the recent taxonomic system of the phylum Porifera. The results of this study indicate considerable differences in species composition between investigated sites. It is shown that physical factors (particularly current regime, sedimentation, seasonally related variations in temperatures), as well the availability of suitable substrates are directly related to the diversity and abundance of investigated sponge communities. In this context possible adaptation strategies of the corresponding sponges were discussed in detail. Two sponge species, Clathria (Clathria) asodes and Antho (Acarnia) lithophoenix, formerly known exclusively from the northeastern Pacific Ocean, are now recorded from the Northwest Pacific Ocean for the first time. Furthermore, Penares hongdoensis, Clathria (Clathria) hongdoensis and Celtodoryx girardae were synonymized with Penares cortius, Clathria (Clathria) acanthostyli, and Celtodoryx ciocalyptoides respectively. Moreover, the occurrence of eight sponge species, which were known from previous records from the Yellow Sea, could be confirmed. As a result of this study the Asian origin of a sponge species that is invasive to the French and Dutch coasts of the Northeast Atlantic Ocean since the 1990s could be established. Moreover, it is demonstrated that Celtodoryx girardae from the northeastern Atlantic is in fact conspecific with Cornulum ciocalyptoides described by Burton (1935) from the Posiet Bay, Sea of Japan. Apart from taxonomic remarks, variations between populations from both oceans are examined and discussed thoroughly in regard to possible ecological implications. The community of documented sponges shows overlapping with the one from the Sea of Japan. According to the results it is assumed that the endemic degree of the sponges from the Chinese Yellow Sea is rather low to moderate. The material obtained in the course of this study was integrated in the collection of the Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Sammlungen. Therefore, it is the first scientific collection of sponges from the Chinese Yellow Sea that can be consulted as a basis for all further studies on sponges of this region. The present study is the only investigation of sponges from Dalian and adjacent waters before the spill occurred in the Dalian harbour in July 2010. Therefore, it provides an essential baseline needed to assess the impact of the oil spill on benthic communities.

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