OPUS 4 | Universitätspublikationen

Ubiquitin ligases and beyond (2012)

Ivan Dikic Miranda Robertson

First paragraph (this article has no abstract): In a review published in 2004 [1] and that still repays reading today, Cecile Pickart traced the evolution of research on ubiquitination from its origins in the proteasomal degradation of proteins through the revelation that it has a central role in cell cycle regulation and the recognition of regulatory roles for ubiquitin in intracellular membrane transport, cell signalling, transcription, translation, and DNA repair.

Sucrose- and H+-dependent charge movements associated with the gating of sucrose transporter ZmSUT1 (2010)

Armando Carpaneto Hermann Koepsell Ernst Bamberg Rainer Franz Hedrich Dietmar Geiger

Background: In contrast to man the majority of higher plants use sucrose as mobile carbohydrate. Accordingly proton-driven sucrose transporters are crucial for cell-to-cell and long-distance distribution within the plant body. Generally very negative plant membrane potentials and the ability to accumulate sucrose quantities of more than 1 M document that plants must have evolved transporters with unique structural and functional features. Methodology/Principal Findings: To unravel the functional properties of one specific high capacity plasma membrane sucrose transporter in detail, we expressed the sucrose/H+ co-transporter from maize ZmSUT1 in Xenopus oocytes. Application of sucrose in an acidic pH environment elicited inward proton currents. Interestingly the sucrose-dependent H+ transport was associated with a decrease in membrane capacitance (Cm). In addition to sucrose Cm was modulated by the membrane potential and external protons. In order to explore the molecular mechanism underlying these Cm changes, presteady-state currents (Ipre) of ZmSUT1 transport were analyzed. Decay of Ipre could be best fitted by double exponentials. When plotted against the voltage the charge Q, associated to Ipre, was dependent on sucrose and protons. The mathematical derivative of the charge Q versus voltage was well in line with the observed Cm changes. Based on these parameters a turnover rate of 500 molecules sucrose/s was calculated. In contrast to gating currents of voltage dependent-potassium channels the analysis of ZmSUT1-derived presteady-state currents in the absence of sucrose (I = Q/τ) was sufficient to predict ZmSUT1 transport-associated currents. Conclusions: Taken together our results indicate that in the absence of sucrose, ‘trapped’ protons move back and forth between an outer and an inner site within the transmembrane domains of ZmSUT1. This movement of protons in the electric field of the membrane gives rise to the presteady-state currents and in turn to Cm changes. Upon application of external sucrose, protons can pass the membrane turning presteady-state into transport currents.

Generation and physiological roles of linear ubiquitin chains (2012)

Henning Walczak Kazuhiro Iwai Ivan Dikic

Ubiquitination now ranks with phosphorylation as one of the best-studied post-translational modifications of proteins with broad regulatory roles across all of biology. Ubiquitination usually involves the addition of ubiquitin chains to target protein molecules, and these may be of eight different types, seven of which involve the linkage of one of the seven internal lysine (K) residues in one ubiquitin molecule to the carboxy-terminal diglycine of the next. In the eighth, the so-called linear ubiquitin chains, the linkage is between the amino-terminal amino group of methionine on a ubiquitin that is conjugated with a target protein and the carboxy-terminal carboxy group of the incoming ubiquitin. Physiological roles are well established for K48-linked chains, which are essential for signaling proteasomal degradation of proteins, and for K63-linked chains, which play a part in recruitment of DNA repair enzymes, cell signaling and endocytosis. We focus here on linear ubiquitin chains, how they are assembled, and how three different avenues of research have indicated physiological roles for linear ubiquitination in innate and adaptive immunity and suppression of inflammation.

Investigations on the pleiotropic effects of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors and cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 antagonists (2011)

Astrid Stefanie Kahnt

5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyzes the first two steps in leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis. In a two step reaction the enzyme oxygenates arachidonic acid (AA) to form the highly unstable epoxide leukotriene A4 (LTA4) in dehydrating a hydroperoxide intermediate (20). LTA4 can then be further metabolized by two terminal synthases yielding either the potent chemoattractant leukotriene B4 (LTB4) or the cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs). 5-LO enzyme expression is primarily found in mature leukocytes (22) where it can either reside in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus associated with euchromatin (29). Its enzymatic activity is embedded in a complicated network in intact cells regulating LT synthesis by various factors dependent on the cell type and nature of stimulus. Factors such as the amount of free AA released by phospholipase A2 enzymes, levels of enzymes involved, catalytic activity per enzyme molecule and availability of different small molecules influence 5-LO activity (36). The 5-LO derived LTs are lipid mediators which were shown to primarily mediate inflammatory and allergic reactions and their role in the pathogenesis of asthma is well defined. CysLTs are among the most potent bronchoconstrictors yet studied in man and play an important role in airway remodeling. LTB4 has no bronchoconstrictory effects in healthy and asthmatic humans but displays potent chemoattractant properties on neutrophils and increases leukocyte adhesion to the vessel wall endothelium (22). Therefore, LTB4 enhances the capacity of macrophages and neutrophils to ingest and kill microbes. In concert with LTB4, histamine and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) CysLTs are thought to maintain the tone of the human airways (82). Besides their well studied role in asthma, 5-LO derived LTs have also been implicated to play a role in cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In contrast to healthy tissues, LT pathway enzymes and receptors were found to be abundantly expressed in cancer tissues, atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta, heart and carotid artery (86). Pharmacological inhibition of 5-LO potently suppressed tumour cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest and triggering cell death via the intrinsic apoptotic pathway (92, 93). In several studies LTs were found to exhibit cardiovascular actions by promotion of plasma leakage in postcapillary venules, coronary artery vasoconstriction and impaired ventricular contraction leading to reduced coronary blood flow and cardiac output (24). Unfortunately, the precise molecular mechanisms through which LTs influence carcinogenesis and cardiovascular diseases are still incompletely understood. In contrast, an increasing number of studies questions the correlation between 5-LO and cancer (95-97) since extreme LT concentrations were applied to induce proliferative effects in the majority of the publications. A few studies exist which show susceptibility towards 5-LO products in physiological concentrations or achieve anti-proliferation by applying low concentrations of 5-LO inhibitors (98) ...

Identification and characterization of sulindac sulfide as a novel type of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor with clinical relevance (2011)

Svenja Dorothea Steinbrink

During the last years, chemopreventive activity of NSAIDs against a great variety of tumors was highly investigated. COX-2 seemingly plays a major part in tumorigensis and tumor development, underlined by several studies in animals and humans. At first, NSAIDs were thought to accomplish chemoprevention by inhibition of COX-2 as their so far known mode of action comprises unselective inhbition of COX-enzymes. However, further studies revealed COX-independent mechanisms. Sulindac is known as a well established drug used to treat inflammation and pain exerting the most prominent chemopreventive action, mainly in colorectal cancer or FAP and can be classified into the group of NSAIDs inhibting both COX-isoformes. As interference with the AA metabolism is evident, it was speculated whether Ssi has targets other than COX-enzymes providing evidence and explanation of its beneficial side effect profile and its ability to reduce tumor growth. 5-LO is another master enzyme in the AA cascade which produces inflammatory lipid mediators (LTs) upon stimulation in inflamed tissues. The present work should answer the question if Ssi targets the 5- LO pathway and should examine the molecular mechanisms behind Ssi-mediated 5- LO inhibiton. As COX-2 is upregulated during carcinogenesis and is inhibited by Ssi, further investigations should show regulatory effects of Ssi on 5-LO gene expression in MM6-cells and whether Sp1 as a common transcriptional factor is involved in such a regulation. As the use of NO-NSAIDs seem to be a promising strategy concerning their chemopreventive and gastroprotective effects compared to the parent NSAIDs, a possible interaction with the 5-LO pathway as a second, potent target should additionally be elucidated. In the first section it was demonstrated that the pharmacologically active metabolite of sulindac, Ssi, targets 5-LO. Ssi inhibited 5-LO in ionophore A23187- and LPS/fMLP-stimulated human PMNL (IC50 ≈ 8 -10 μM). Importantly, Ssi efficiently suppressed 5-LO in human whole blood at clinically relevant plasma levels (IC50 = 18.7 μM). Ssi was 5-LO-selective as no inhibition of related lipoxygenases (12-LO, 15-LO) was observed. The sulindac prodrug and the other metabolite, sulindac sulfone, failed to inhibit 5-LO. Mechanistic analysis demonstrated that Ssi directly suppresses 5-LO with an IC50 of 20 μM. Together, these findings may provide a novel molecular basis to explain the COX-independent pharmacological effects of sulindac under therapy. In the second part of the work dealing with the analysis of Ssi’s inhibitory mechanism on 5-LO it was presented that Ssi shows a lack of potency in cellular systems where membrane constituents are existent. The addition of microsomal fractions of PMNLto crude 5-LO enzyme were able to recover enzyme activity to ~ 100 %. Selectively 5-LO activity stimulating lipids like PC, participating in 5-LO membrane interactions within the regulatory C2-like domain of 5-LO, counteracted the Ssimediated inhibition on 5-LO-wt in a concentration-dependent manner. Lastly, a protein mutant lacking three trp resudies essential for linking the enzyme to nuclear membranes and deploying catalytic activity was not influenced by Ssi and shows enzyme activity in a cell-free assay. Ssi displays the first 5-LO inhibitor on the market interacting with the C2-like domain of the enzyme and therfore can stand for a novel lead structure of 5-LO inhibitors. An influence on 5-LO gene expression by Ssi could be detected in differentiated MM6-cells, described in the results chapter 3 (4.3). Ssi downregulated the 5-LO mRNA level after 72 hrs of incubation in differentiated MM6- cells to ~ 20 % of output control at concentrations of 10 μM. Concomitantly, mRNA levels of Sp1 were suppressed. Reporter gene studies revealed Sp1 most probably as a regulating agent involved in the Ssi-mediated 5-LO mRNA downregulation as co-transfection of increasing amounts of Sp1 could abrogate the effect. A ChIP assay could identify Sp1 as a critical transcriptional factor as Sp1 binding to the 5-LO promoter decreased in presence of Ssi. Lastly, three NO-NSADIs (NO-sulindac, NOnaproxen, NO-aspirin) were tested for the ability of 5-LO product inhibition. In intact PMNL, all compounds showed effective inhibition of 5-LO activity and NO-sulindac was most potent with an IC50 value of ~ 3 μM. NO-ASA inhibited 5-LO with IC50 values of ~ 30 μM and showed a non-competitive mode of action in cell-based assays. On human recombinant 5-LO all compounds again showed inhibitory potency whereas NO-sulindac again suppressed LT biosynthesis with an IC50 vaue comparable to intact cellular systems. Unfortunately, all inhibitors showed a loss of potency when tested for inhibition of 5-LO product synthesis in human whole blood as higher concentrations up to 100 μM were needed to reach at least 55 % enzyme inhibition. However, this strategy of 5-LO inhibition seems promising and needs further experimental approaches to gain more insight into the mechanism of 5-LO inhibition by NONSAIDs.

Synthese von Arylalkanthiolen zur Darstellung gezielt funktionalisierter Oberflächen (2012)

Björn Schüpbach

Übergeordnetes Ziel der Arbeit war die Synthese von Molekülen, die zur gezielten Funktionalisierung von Oberflächen dienen sollten. Dazu mussten jeweils Synthesewege inklusive geeigneter Schutzgruppenchemie sowie Reinigungsstrategien entwickelt werden. Im Rahmen dieser Zielsetzung wurde zunächst eine Anlage zur Gradientensublimation aufgebaut, mit der sich die Substanzen in sehr hoher Reinheit erhalten ließen.

Massenspektrometrische und bioinformatische Analyse von unspezifischen Proteolysen (2011)

Malte Schürken

Im Zuge dieser Dissertation wurden verschiedene Methoden zur besseren Identifikation von Proteinen aus unspezifischen Proteinverdauen entwickelt und auf ihre Einsatzmöglichkeiten hin untersucht. In diesem Rahmen wurde vorrangig die Protease Thermitase in ihrer Spezifität und ihrem Temperaturverhalten genauer definiert und ihre proteolytische Verwendbarkeit bewertet. Aufgrund der durchgeführten Untersuchungen konnte mit Thermitase eine weitere, für die massenspektrometrische Analytik verwendbare Protease, erfolgreich etabliert werden. Als wichtigstes Merkmal dieser Protease muss ihr erfolgreicher proteomischer Einsatz, auch in Kombination mit starken organischen Lösungsmittel und Detergenzien, hervorgehoben werden. Außerdem konnten in Anwesenheit von SDS Verdaue massenspektrometrisch erfolgreich untersucht werden. Die Möglichkeiten dieser Methode sind vor allem für die Membran-Proteomik interessant. Mittels Thermitase können Membranproteine direkt in einem hydrophoben Puffer denaturiert, verdaut und ohne vorheriges Ausfällen analysiert werden. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit wurden mehrere Ansätze für die Verbesserung der Auswertbarkeit von unspezifischen Proteinverdauen verfolgt und teilweise erfolgreich umgesetzt. Mittels der bioinformatischen Auswertung von theoretischen Verdauen ganzer Datenbanken wurden die Unterschiede bei der Identifikation von spezifischen und unspezifischen Verdauen verdeutlicht. Anhand der beobachteten Vergrößerung des Suchraums um den Faktor 10 bis 100 von unspezifischen gegenüber spezifischen Proteolysen konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass bei Verwendung der heute gebräuchlichen Suchalgorithmen erst eine Steigerung der Massengenauigkeit um mindestens den Faktor 20 zu Ergebnissen führt, die mit denen spezifischer Verdaue vergleichbar sind. Einen Schritt in diese Richtung kann durch die Verwendung der MALDI-Orbitrap (Papasotiriou 2010), die eine durchschnittliche Massengenauigkeit von 5 ppm bietet, vollzogen werden. Jedoch wäre nach einer Abschätzung auf der Basis der gewonnenen Ergebnisse eine routinemäßige Massengenauigkeit von unter 1 ppm nötig, um bei der Identifikation mittels PMF für unspezifische und tryptische Verdaue die gleichen Erfolgsquoten zu erhalten. Wird dies erreicht, bieten unspezifische Proteasen, wie in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden konnte, zahlreiche Vorteile gegenüber spezifischen Proteasen. Ausgehend von der Verwendung aktueller Suchalgorithmen konnte der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Protein- und Peptidkriterien auf die Proteinidentifikation eindeutig gezeigt werden. Zur Verbesserung der Identifikation bei unspezifischen Verdauen wurden mehrere spezifische Kriterien erarbeitet. Eine PMF-Suche unter deren Einbezug führte zu einer 4fach höheren Identifikationsrate gegenüber einer normalen Suche mittels MOWSE. Mit der iterativen sowie der kombinatorischen Suche wurden zwei einfache bioinformatische Methoden entwickelt, die die Suche von unspezifischen Verdauen erleichtern und in Zukunft verbessern werden. Die Identifikation von Modifikationen mittels der spezifischen Delta-Massen und die Identifikation von unspezifischen Verdauen durch Bewertung der charakteristisch auftretenden Cluster stellen zwei gänzlich neue Ansätze in der Proteinidentifikation dar. Ihr Einsatz ermöglicht neue Verwendungsmöglichkeiten von unspezifischen Verdauen, die über die klassische Proteinidentifikation hinausgehen, und versucht, spezielle Fragen in der Proteinanalytik zu beantworten. Der Einbezug zusätzlicher Informationen, die der Verdau neben der reinen Gewinnung von Peptidmassen bietet, sollte bei unspezifischen Verdauen fokussiert angegangen werden. Durch die mehrfache Überlappung der Peptide liegen diese Informationen, anders als bei tryptischen Verdauen, redundant vor. Sie können sich also bei entsprechender Auswertung in ihrer Bewertung selbst stützen. Die in dieser Promotionsarbeit vorgestellten Ansätze zur besseren Identifikation von unspezifischen Proteinverdauen zeigen vielversprechende Möglichkeiten auf. Realistisch betrachtet, stellt jeder dieser Ansätze eine positive Abweichung von der bislang vorherrschenden routinemäßigen Behandlung der Proteinidentifikation dieser Verdaue dar und bieten die Möglichkeiten qualitativ bessere Untersuchungsergebnisse im Bereich der Massenspektrometrie zu erzielen.

"Sie haben das Potenzial!" : Zur Nachwuchsförderung an der Goethe-Universität: Prof. Manfred Schubert-Zsilavecz, Prof. Nicole Deitelhoff und Privatdozent Dr. Martin Plath im Gespräch mit Dr. Anne Hardy und Ulrike Jaspers (2011)

Manfred Schubert-Zsilavecz Nicole Deitelhoff Martin Plath Anne Hardy Ulrike Jaspers

Räuber und Gendarm: Wie die Zelle Bakterien einfängt : Nachwuchsforscher Christian Behrends erhält ERC Starting Grant der EU (2011)

Dr. Christian Behrends, Gruppenleiter am Institut für Biochemie II, erhielt einen »Starting Independent Researcher Grant« für sein Projekt zur Immunbiologie. 1,6 Millionen Euro stehen ihm für die nächsten fünf Jahre zur Verfügung.

Schlauer als die Krebszellen : Biochemiker unterstützen die Arbeit natürlicher Killerzellen (2011)

Joachim Koch

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