Allgemeine und Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft
20 search hits
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Allwissendes Erzählen
(2004)
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Matías Martínez
- ›Allwissendes Erzählen‹ und ›allwissender Erzähler‹ gehören zu den literaturwissenschaftlichen Begriffen, die viel gebraucht, aber selten definiert werden. Wer in den einschlägigen erzähltheoretischen Hand- und Einführungsbüchern nach diesen Stichworten sucht, tut es häufig vergebens. [...] Einerseits wird der Begriff des allwissenden Erzählens im literaturwissenschaftlichen Sprachgebrauch offenbar in einem erkenntnistheoretischen Sinne verwendet – es geht um ein durch keine empirischen Bedingungen begrenztes Wissen. Wenn allwissendes Erzählen aber in systematischer Verknüpfung (oder gar synonym) mit auktorialem Erzählen gebraucht wird, dann steht in der Regel ein anderer Aspekt im Vordergrund […]. Der Ausdruck ›auktorialer Erzähler‹ bezeichnet seit Stanzel einen persönlichen heterodiegetischen Erzähler, d.h. 'einen Erzähler, der zwar nicht der erzählten Welt angehört, aber eine individuelle Einschätzung und Bewertung des Erzählten zum Ausdruck bringt und dadurch ein bestimmtes ideologisches oder moralisches Profil gewinnt.' […] Trotz [einer] zeitweisen historischen Koppelung von allwissendem und auktorialem Erzählen handelt es sich jedoch um zwei systematisch voneinander unabhängige Aspekte, die in der Literaturgeschichte keineswegs immer gemeinsam auftreten. Im folgenden gehe ich nicht auf die moralischen Aspekte auktorialer Erzählerfiguren ein, sondern beschränke mich auf die erkenntnistheoretischen Besonderheiten allwissenden Erzählens.
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¿Fútbol de verdad? : Observaciones narratológicas sobre los relatos en vivo
(2001)
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Matías Martínez
- En el relato periodístico retrospectivo de un partido de futbol –el de Chile contra México por la Copa América, el 30 de junio de 1999- se puede observar el uso de diversos elementos narratológicos que lo vuelven interesante. Los reportajes de distintos diarios chilenos contienen crónicas, historias y esquemas narrativos construidos a partir del antagonismo entre adversarios, el protagonismo de ciertos personajes y los puntos culminantes que ellos viven. Además, hay en los relatos una identificación con el punto de vista del equipo chileno. El resultado son construcciones variadas de una misma realidad, cuya elaboración explica, al menos en parte, el interés del público por acceder a ellas. Incluso cuando esos lectores han asistido al estadio o han conocido el encuentro por radio o televisión, buscan historias para entender mejor y mas completamente lo ocurrido.
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Der literaturgeschulte Blick auf videographierte Interviews mit Überlebenden der Shoah : Literaturwissenschaft an den Grenzen des Faches
(2011)
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Andree Michaelis
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Historical Poetics : Chronotopes in "Leucippe and Clitophon" and "Tom Jones"
(2010)
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Roderick Beaton
- This paper forms part of a larger, ongoing project, to investigate how certain narrative possibilities that seem to have crystallized for the first time in the ancient Greek novel have proved persistent and productive over time, undergoing subtle transformations during formative later periods in the history of the genre, notably the twelfth century (simultaneously in Old French and in Byzantine Greek) and the eighteenth (the time when, according to a narrower definition, the novel is said to originate). For the present, my more limited aim is to revisit the two main essays in which Bakhtin’s theory of the chronotope (and of the “historical poetics” of the novel) are developed, and to extrapolate what seem to me to the most significant and productive lines of his approach, both in general, and with specific reference to the ancient Greek novel. I will then attempt simultaneously to apply and to modify Bakhtin’s model, in the light of a reading of Achilles Tatius’ Leucippe and Clitophon and with reference to previous critiques. The final part of the paper examines how this approach can be productive for a reading of a much later text, often regarded as “foundational” for the modern development of the genre, especially in English, Fielding’s Tom Jones (1749).
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Internal Chronotopic Genre Structures : The Nineteenth-Century Historical Novel in the Context of the Belgian Literary Polysystem
(2010)
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Nele Bemong
- One of the most fundamental problems of systemic approaches to literature is the question of how systemic principles might be translated into a manageable methodological framework. This contribution proposes that a combination of functionalistsystemic theories (in casu Itamar Even-Zohar’s Polysystem theory – especially the textually oriented versions – and the prototypical genre approach proposed by Dirk De Geest and Hendrik Van Gorp 1999) with Mikhail Bakhtin’s chronotope theory shows great promise in this respect. Since I am primarily interested in literary genres, the prototypical genre approach assumes a central position in my theoretical framework. My main argument is that Bakhtin’s chronotope concept offers interesting perspectives as a heuristic tool within a functionalist-systemic approach to genre studies, enabling the study not only of the constitutive elements of genre systems, but also of their mutual relations. Bakhtin’s own vague definitions of the concept somewhat hamper the process of putting it into practice for this purpose, but with the aid of the distinction between generic and motivic chronotopes, that problem can be solved. A detailed, comprehensive account of the theoretical premises underlying my proposal can be found in Bemong (under review); here I restrict myself to the basics.
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Bakhtin’s Theory of the Literary Chronotope : Reflections, Applications, Perspectives
(2010)
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Nele Bemong
Pieter Borghart
- The aim of this introductory article [to the volume of the same title], firstly, is to recapitulate the basic principles of Bakhtin’s initial theory as formulated in “Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel: Notes toward a Historical Poetics” (henceforth FTC) and “The Bildungsroman and its Significance in the History of Realism (Toward a Historic Typology of the Novel)” (henceforth BSHR). Subsequently, we present some relevant elaborations of Bakhtin’s initial concept and a number of applications of chronotopic analysis, closing our state of the art by outlining two perspectives for further investigation. Some of the issues which we touch upon receive more detailed treatment in other contributions to this volume. Others may offer perspectives for future Bakhtin scholarship.
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Eulogizing Realism : Documentary Chronotopes in Nineteenth-Century Prose Fiction
(2010)
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Pieter Borghart
Michel De Dobbeleer
- In this contribution we try to probe the generic chronotope of realism, which, judging from its astonishing productivity in the nineteenth century and the profound impact it has had on literary evolution and theory ever since, can be designated nothing less than a hallmark in the general history of narrative. Although we are primarily concerned with the description of the principles of construction underlying the realistic, “documentary”, chronotope, we would also like to touch upon some of its rather evident, but still somewhat under-discussed similarities with the genre of historiography. For, despite an abundance of what could be called “touches of realism” in a plethora of literary texts and genres (both narrative and poetic) since the very beginnings of literary history itself, the direct germs of realism as it developed into a particular narrative genre or generic chronotope during the nineteenth century may well be situated in “prescientific” historiographical works such as those of Gibbon or Michelet.
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The Chronotope and the Study of Literary Adaptation : The Case of Robinson Crusoe
(2010)
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Tara Collington
- This paper proposes a reflection on the potential of the chronotope as a heuristic tool in the field of adaptation studies. My goal is to situate the chronotope in the context of adaptation studies, specifically with regard to perhaps the most central treatise in the field of literary adaptation, Gérard Genette’s “Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree”, and to draw attention to perhaps one of the most overlooked works in the field of adaptation studies, Caryl Emerson’s chronotope-inspired “Boris Godunov: Transpositions of a Russian Theme”. I will demonstrate how the chronotope might be used in the study of literary adaptation by examining the relationships between Daniel Defoe’s “Robinson Crusoe”, its historical sources, and Michel Tournier’s twentieth-century adaptation of the Robinson story, “Friday”. My analysis draws upon three of the semantic levels of the chronotope presented in the introduction to this volume: (1) chronotopic motifs linked to two opposing themes: enthusiasm for European colonial expansionism and skepticism regarding the supremacy of European culture; (2) major chronotopes that determine the narrative structure of a text; and (3) the way in which such major chronotopes may be linked to broader questions of genre.
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Heterochronic Representations of the Fall : Bakhtin, Milton, DeLillo
(2010)
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Rachel Falconer
- Bakhtin argues that each literary genre codifies a particular world-view which is defined, in part, by its chronotope. That is, the spatial and temporal configurations of each genre determine in large part the kinds of action a fictional character may undertake in that given world (without being iconoclastic, a realist hero cannot slay mythical beasts, and a questing knight cannot philosophize over drinks in a café). Recent extensions of Bakhtin’s theory have sought to define the chronotopes of new and emergent genres such as the road movie, the graphic novel, and hypertext fiction. Others have challenged Bakhtin’s characterization of certain chronotopes, such as those of epic and lyric poetry, arguing that these genres (and their chronotopes) are far more dynamic and dialogic than Bakhtin’s analysis seems at first glance to allow. Rather than taking issue with Bakhtin’s characterization of particular genres here, however, I wish to argue that we should pay closer attention to the heterochrony, or interplay of different chronotopes, in individual texts and their genres. As Bakhtin’s own essay demonstrates, what makes any literary chronotope dynamic is its conflict and interplay with alternative chronotopes and world-views. Heterochrony (raznovremennost) is the spatiotemporal equivalent of linguistic heteroglossia, and if we examine any of Bakhtin’s readings of particular chronotopes closely enough, we will find evidence of heterochronic conflict. This clash of spatiotemporal configurations within a text, or family of texts, provides the ground for the dialogic inter-illumination of opposing world-views.
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The Fugue of Chronotope
(2010)
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Michael Holquist
- As the survey by Nele Bemong and Pieter Borghart introducing this volume makes clear, the term chronotope has devolved into a veritable carnival of orismology. For all the good work that has been done by an ever-growing number of intelligent critics, chronotope remains a Gordian knot of ambiguities with no Alexander in sight. The term has metastasized across the whole spectrum of the human and social sciences since the publication of FTC in Russian in 1975, and (especially) after its translation into English in 1981. As others have pointed out, one of the more striking features of the chronotope is the plethora of meanings that have been read into the term: that its popularity is a function of its opacity has become a cliché. In the current state of chronotopic heteroglossia, then, how are we to proceed? The argument of this essay is that many of the difficulties faced by Bakhtin’s critics derive from ambiguities with which Bakhtin never ceased to struggle. That is, instead of advancing yet another definition of my own, I will investigate some of the attempts made by Bakhtin himself to give the term greater precision throughout his long life. In so doing, I will also hope to cast some light on the foundational role of time-space in Bakhtin’s philosophy of dialog as it, too, took on different meanings at various points in his thinking.
