15 search hits
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Hybride Ökonomien und nachhaltige Revolutionen
(2003)
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Petra Ilyes
- Die Forderung nach massivem Wandel in den 1990er Jahren wurde nach dem weltweiten Zusammenbruch der Technologiemärkte im Jahr 2001 auf ein neues Nachhaltigkeitsparadigma hin rekonfiguriert. Vorstellungen von radikalem Wandel wurden auf Möglichkeiten der Institutionalisierung von radikalem Wandel ohne Veränderungsfeindlichkeit überprüft. Das Konzept einer „nachhaltigen Revolution“ wurde entwickelt und gab Input in die Logik globaler und nationaler Entwicklungsdiskurse. Mit dem Entstehen einer neuen vernetzten globalen Ökonomie in den 1990er Jahren (Castells 2000) wurden neue Informationstechnologien zunehmend als Schlüssel zu weltweit verteilten Wissensrepositorien betrachtet und galten in Schwellenländern und sich neu industrialisierenden Ländern als Möglichkeit, endlich „auf die gleiche Ebene zu gelangen wie andere Länder“ (Anderson 1997b). Es herrschte die Überzeugung, dass, zum ersten Mal in der Geschichte, „weniger entwickelte“ Länder eine reale Chance hatten, mit den herrschenden Wirtschaftsmächten gleichzuziehen. Eine Revolution war im Gange: die „IT-Revolution“. Die informationstechnologische Revolution bedurfte – anders als die industrielle Revolution – nur geringer individueller Investitionen, um die sich bietenden neuen Potentiale anzuzapfen. Informationstechnologie entwickelte sich rasant zu einem globalen wirtschaftlichen Sektor, der vielen neue Beteiligungsmöglichkeiten bot. Zum Einstieg benötigte man nicht viel: Talent zum Programmieren und einen Computer. Die Vorteile zeigten sich für viele also auf einer ganz konkreten Ebene, und es erschien möglich, das Leben von Individuen ganz unmittelbar zu verbessern. Eine viel größere Anzahl an Gesellschaften und Individuen als je zuvor, so die Einschätzung, konnte von den Vorteilen dieser neuen „Revolution“ profitieren. ...
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Technisches Expertenwissen und gesellschaftliche Analyse
(2005)
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Petra Ilyes
- In meinem Beitrag nehme ich Fragen nach Wissenskonzepten auf, die sich mit neuen Wissensformen und mit der Herstellung von Wissen in außerwissenschaftlichen Kontexten beschäftigen. Ich betrachte Wissen von IT-Professionals als einen Typ von Wissen, der nicht ausschließlich technisch ist, sondern auch andere Wissenssorten enthält. IT-Professionals gelten als als Wissensarbeiter („knowledge workers“) [Schultze 1999, 7] und Professionskulturen („occupational cultures“) mit technowissenschaftlichem Expertenwissen und geteilten Perspektiven von Spezialisten. Der Begriff des Wissensarbeiters wurde verstärkt in postindustriellen Theorien aufgenommen. Diese Theorien prognostizierten die zunehmende Bedeutung menschlicher Intelligenz in den Arbeitsprozessen der entstehenden Wissensökonomie [Bell 1973; Castells 1998] sowie die Herausbildung neuer Beschäftigung für autonome, gebildete Wissensarbeiter [Castells 2000, 257; Drucker 2001; Stehr/Ericson 1992, 5f.]. Techniker bzw. Ingenieure, die eine neue Technologie entwickeln, sowie alle, die an Design, Entwicklung und Verbreitung dieser neuen Technologie beteiligt sind, werden außerdem als Akteure beschrieben, die sich ins Feld soziologischer Analyse bewegen. Sie tun das insofern, als sie auch die Modelle von Gesellschaft oder Welt entwerfen, in der ihre technischen Entwicklungen eingesetzt werden sollen [Callon 1987, 84]. ...
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Politische Technologieagenden und Zirkulationen von Schlüsselkategorien
(2007)
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Petra Ilyes
- In den 1990er Jahren trieben nationale und supranationale politische IT-Agenden nicht nur die Implementierung einer technischen Infrastruktur voran sondern auch die einer neuen Gesellschaft, der Informationsgesellschaft. Die weltweite Implementierung von Informationsinfrastruktur ist daher als ein ko-konstitutiver Prozess zu verstehen, der sowohl technologische Innovation als auch sozialen Wandel beinhaltete. Um die neuen Informationstechnologien aufzunehmen, musste die Gesellschaft verändert werden, und umgekehrt waren die neuen Informationstechnologien nötig, um sozialen Wandel zu ermöglichen. Die Informationsgesellschaft kann als das „soziale Universum“ [Callon 1987, 84] betrachtet werden, das spezifiziert werden musste, damit die neuen Informationstechnologien operieren können. In seinem Beitrag über die Einführung des Elektroautos in Frankreich zu Beginn der 1970er Jahre legt Michel Callon dar, dass es zur Entwicklung des elektrisch betriebenen Automobils nicht ausreichte, lediglich die technowissenschaftlichen Probleme zu lösen. Die Projektingenieure verstanden, dass die gesamten sozialen Strukturen der französischen Gesellschaft radikal verändert werden mussten, um diesen neuen Typ von Technologie, den sie entwarfen, zu akzeptieren und aufzunehmen. Die Ingenieure spezifizierten daher nicht nur die Merkmale des elektrischen Fahrzeugs sondern auch die Merkmale des sozialen Universums, in dem das Fahrzeug eingesetzt werden sollte [ebd.]. ...
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Global Heimat Germany : migration and the transnationalization of the nation-state
(2005)
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Regina Römhild
- The article explores the increasing gap between the cultural dynamics of transnationalization in Germany and the national self-perception of the German society. While concepts of “in-migration” (Zuwanderung) and ”integration” still stick to notions of the nation-state as being a ”container” embracing and controlling a population and a culture of its own, the various processes of material and imaginary mobility across the national borders contradict and challenge this notion as well as its political implications. By drawing on the transnational lifeworlds and the cultural productivity of migrants, anthropological research has made important contributions to render visible this challenge. It is argued, however, that an all too exclusive focus on migration may, in fact, rather conceal the wider effects of transnationalisation and cultural globalisation on the society and its cultural fabric as a whole.
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Sailing in troubled waters : drinking water provision in Timisoara
(2003)
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Enikö Baga
- After more than a decade of post-socialist transition, transition theories are increasingly criticised for their inability to grasp the new post-socialist reality. However, even in the light of political, economic, social and cultural restructuring processes taking place on a global scale, the structural legacies of socialist and pre-socialist development are not erased. On the contrary, they continue to play an important role by filtering the impact of global tendencies upon post-socialist societies. With reference to a case study from the Romanian city of Timisoara I will address in the following the ambivalencies connected to the efforts of local elites in the process of implementing global-level requirements in a post-socialist environment.
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Unequal partners : security and identity at the Polish-German border
(2006)
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Alexandra Schwell
- The sovereignty of the European nation states in the realm of security politics is gradually eroding. At the same time the European integration to a large degree influences the level of direct bilateral police cooperation, since cross-border crime has come to be perceived not as only a national, but as a common problem for the European nation states. At the German-Polish border, "Europe's Rio Grande", these high expectations concerning security policy are put into practice. With Poland's EU accession, Polish and German border guards are no longer spatially separated, but jointly control travellers. Joint patrols and contact points have already existed since 1998. On the one hand, the enforced meeting of German and Polish border policemen may help dismantle mutual prejudices. On the other hand, other cleavages may appear, based on cultural, systemic and institutional factors, which hinder the development of mutual trust and reinforce the asymmetrical relationship between the Schengen member Germany and the "junior partner" Poland.
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Multiple modernities : the transnationalisation of cultures
(2004)
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Gisela Welz
- During the past decade, processes associated with what is popularly though perhaps misleadingly known as globalization have come within the purview of anthropology. Migration and mobility ‐ and the footloose or even rootless social groups that they produce ‐ as well as the worldwide diffusion of commodities, media images, political ideas and practices, technologies and scientific knowledge today are on anthropology's research agenda. As a consequence, received notions about the ways in which culture relates to territory have been abandoned. The term transnationalisation captures cultural processes that stream across the borders of nation states. Anthropologists have been forced to revise the notion that transnationalisation would inevitably bring about a culturally homogenized world. Instead, we are witnessing a surge of greatly increasing cultural diversity. New cultural forms grow out of historically situated articulations of the local and the global. Rather than left-over relics from traditional orders, these are decidedly modern, yet far from uniform. The essay engages the idea of the pluralization of modernities, explores its potential for interdisciplinary research agendas, and also inquires into problematic assumptions underlying this new theoretical concept.
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Practised imagination. Tracing transnational networks in Crete and beyond
(2004)
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Regina Römhild
- The imagination has become a major site for studying transnational cultural flows. Yet it is mainly the mass media that are explored as channels directing the imagination from "the West" towards "the rest". And there is still little empirical "testing" of this field. How do such ‐ and other ‐ imaginary sources work into social practice? And what does such "practised imagination" imply for the practice of transnational anthropology? This article attempts to address these questions from the perspective of fieldwork in progress. In and between Crete and Germany I traced transnational networks based on the reciprocal mobilities of migration, remigration, and tourism. Here, multiple domains of imagination are drawn upon by various audiences, thus effectively contributing to the creation of these relations and the places in which they localise. Anthropological research on tourism and migration has tended to separate the imagination ‐ as being an external impact ‐ from local practice. Yet, transnational ethnography needs to challenge this opposition and is in itself a strategy to do so, in that it perceives the imagination as a practice of transcending physical and cultural distance.
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Ambivalent elites and conservative modernizers : studying sideways in transnational contexts
(2003)
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Petra Ilyes
- Spacially dispersed transnational professional communities can be perceived of as cultural formations living in a global frame of reference, transgressing existing political and cultural boundaries. In their capacity as members of local technical and knowledgebased elites, they take part in circulating and connecting cultural meanings that are both locally produced, and continuously re-working non- local flows. I argue that those elites can be described as actors at cultural interfaces, taking part in shaping and mediating social change. The aim is twofold: one, to point to mutually opposed tendencies, and ambivalences in the framework of a „culture of change“, and two, to look into the question how such situations and groups can be methodologically approached.
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Travellerscapes : tourism research and transnational anthropology
(2004)
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Jana Binder
- Even though tourism has been recognised as an important field for transnational research today, there are few attempts to place tourism in the context of transnational theories or to think about transnationalism from the perspective of tourists. I argue that in researching tourist practices one can add important aspects to transnational approaches. The prerequisites of mobility and interaction for example are the features chosen by backpackers to describe what their Round-The-World-Trip is about. A form of tourism is adopted, or created, that itself confronts many aspects of globalisation: First of all there is the immense dynamic that is involved. Backpackers try to cover as many places and experiences as possible, travelling at high speed. They adopt all kinds of touristic experiences ranging from beach to adventure to culture tourism. They don't focus on a specific area or country but travel the world. They cross national borders perpetually. Additionally they form a transnational network in which they interact with strangers of similar backgrounds (other backpackers, tourist professionals). This network helps them interacting with people from different backgrounds (the socalled hosts or locals). Considering my research Backpackers forge a certain identity from these transnational practices which I want to name globedentity. Globedentity expresses a type of identity construction that not only refers to the individual (I) but reflects the world (globe) in this identity. This globedentity is not fixed but is perpetually re-created and re-defined. It also embraces the increasing popular awareness of globalisation which backpackers, coming from highly educated middle class backgrounds, in particular have identified with. Due to the constant awareness of the latest global social, cultural and economic developments in these educated milieus they know exactly which tools to use to become successful parts of their societies.
